Table 3. Cardiovascular measures by glycemic status in men and women at entry in AGES-Reykjavik.
| Variables | men | women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (mean ± SD, median & quartile range or %) | Normoglycemic | IFG | T2DM | Normoglycemic | IFG | T2DM |
| (number) | (675) | (144) | (137) | (1022) | (169) | (106) |
| Glucose mmol/l | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.2 *** | 7.9 ± 1.8 *** | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.2 *** | 7.5 ± 1.8 *** |
| Insulin mU/l a) | 8.6 ± 5.8 | 12.9 ± 6.1 *** | 15.7 ± 10.3 *** | 8.3 ± 5.4 | 14.6 ± 9.2 *** | 14.9 ± 9.2 *** |
| HOMA-IR | 2.2 ± 1.8 | 4.3 ± 4.6 *** | 6.7 ± 7.4 *** | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 4.2 ± 2.9 *** | 5.3 ± 4.1 *** |
| HbA1c % | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.3 *** | 6.6 ± 0.8 *** | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.4 *** | 6.3 ± 0.7 *** |
| % on diabetic medication (only the dT2DM) | - | - | 82.8 | - | - | 52.0 |
| Systolic BP mmHg | 141.2 ± 20.7 | 143.0 ± 20.3 | 145.1 ± 20.0 | 140.9 ± 20.9 | 141.7 ± 22.7 | 144.2 ± 20.8 * |
| Diastolic BP mmHg | 75.8 ± 9.3 | 77.4 ± 9.4 | 74.6 ± 9.4 | 72.1 ± 9.3 | 72.4 ± 8.7 | 72.3 ± 10.1 |
| % on HT medication | 56.2 | 66.7 * | 78.1 *** | 61.3 | 68.1 | 84.9 *** |
|
| ||||||
| BMI kg/m2 | 26.0 ± 3.5 | 27.9 ± 3.6 *** | 28.5 ± 4.0 *** | 26.5 ± 4.7 | 29.0 ± 4.9 *** | 29.5 ± 5.4 *** |
| Hypertension % | 63.9 | 70.1 | 76.6 ** | 67.8 | 80.5 ** | 84.0 ** |
| Triglycerides mmol/lb) | 0.97 (0.58) | 1.13 (0.61) *** | 1.34 (0.91) *** | 1.04 (0.64) | 1.35 (0.81) *** | 1.47 (0.98) *** |
|
| ||||||
| Cholesterol mmol/l | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.0 ± 1.1 *** | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.1 *** |
| HDL-Chol mmol/l | 1.43 ± 0.39 | 1.36 ± 0.39 * | 1.25 ± 0.32 *** | 1.75 ± 0.43 | 1.59 ± 0.40 *** | 1.50 ± 0.43 *** |
| LDL-Chol mmol/l | 3.40 ± 0.94 | 3.34 ± 0.97 | 3.06 ± 0.99 *** | 3.86 ± 0.99 | 3.93 ± 1.05 | 3.41 ± 0.99 *** |
| % on statin medication | 23.6 | 29.2 | 37.2 ** | 14.8 | 10.7 | 24.5 ** |
| % with ≥ 2 MS criteriac) | 24.4 | 47.9 *** | 58.4 *** | 28.1 | 49.1 *** | 63.2 *** |
| U-Albumin/creatinine mg/mmol % ≥3.5 | 9.6 | 13.2 | 26.1 *** | 5.3 | 8.0 | 12.5 ** |
| Smoking % current | 14.2 | 9.1 | 13.1 | 12.2 | 13.8 | 12.3 |
| Smoking % never | 23.0 | 14.8 * | 19.0 | 53.7 | 44.9 * | 50.0 |
Glycemic groups, based on WHO recommendations from 1999 [11]. All values shown are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
a)
For insulin the truncated mean is used, excluding values >60 mU/L.
b)
Median and (quartile range).
c)
With two or more of the metabolic syndrome criteria, other than insulin resistance and glycemic status, as listed in materials and methods; ie. BMI, TG, HDL, HT, U-albumin/creatinine [15].
Significance estimates:
*
p<.05;
**
p<.01;
***
p<.001 for age-adjusted comparison among the study groups.