LPS increases EPSC frequency at AMPAergic synapses. (A) Relative EPSC frequency on acute hippocampal slices was immediately and transiently increased after LPS application (500 ng/mL, n = 12, mean ± SEM, paired t test, *P < 0.05). Insets show representative traces before and after LPS application. (Scale bar: 100 ms, 10 pA.) (B) Representative cumulative probability plots for interevent interval (IEI) and peak amplitude before (black circles) and after (gray circles) application of LPS; 10 of 12 cells responded by a significant increase in frequency (KS test < 0.05). (C) The LPS-induced increase of EPSC frequency is not affected by the application of TTX (n = 6), picrotoxin (Picrotx; n = 11), or D-APV (n = 14), but it is prevented by the AMPAR antagonist NBQX (n = 7, mean ± SEM, t test, **P < 0.01).