Functional analysis of LMOD1 CArG elements in vitro. A, schematic of the wild type (WT) LMOD1 promoter and various CArG mutants. B and C, each indicated LMOD1 promoter construct was transfected into PAC-1 SMCs in the presence of SRF-VP16 (B) or MYOCD_v3 (C), and luciferase activity was measured. D, COS-7 cells were similarly transfected with WT or double CArG mutant LMOD1 promoter and either MYOCD_v3, MRTF-A, or MRTF-B. The results shown were reproduced in one independent experiment. *, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01.