Fig. 3.

Effect of shade and watering on the onset (A), end (B), duration (C) and production (D) of R. nudiflora chasmogamous flowers (Flowers), chasmogamous fruit (CH Fruit) and cleistogamous fruit (CL Fruit). The bars show the mean ± s.e.; different letters show statistical differences between shaded plants (shaded–watered, shaded–non-watered) and plants in open plots (open–non-watered, open–watered). Differences between watered and non-watered plants as well as the interactions were not statistically significant in all cases.