| 1 | San Francisco Area, California 1963 (Child Health and Development Studies[33]) |
| 2 | Norway [79] |
| 3 | Maryland 1974[80] |
| 4 | Copenhagen 1977[81] Copenhagen 1982 [82] |
| 5 | Missouri 1982 [83] |
| 6 | New York City 1986 [84] |
| 7 | Western New York 1989 [85] |
| 8 | U.S. Nurses 1990 [54] |
| 9 | New York City 1995 [86] |
| 10B | North Carolina, African Americans 1995 [87] |
| 10W | North Carolina, whites [87] |
| 11 | Long Island, New York 1996 [53] |
| 12 | Quebec 1996 [88] |
| 13 | Connecticut 1996 [89] |