Table 1.

Performance by the Sample (N =476) on Measures of Reading and Language Skills. Descriptive statistics are for raw scores or, if available, Rasch-scaled W scores. For standardized tests, grade equivalents (GE) corresponding to the means are also shown

	Measure [# items]	score	M (SD)	GE
Reading Comprehension
PCMP	WJ Passage Comprehension [47]	W	487 (13)	2.9
Word Recognition/Decoding Accuracy (Untimed List Reading)
Decoding of Pseudowords
WJWA	WJ Word Attack [32]	W	466 (26)	1.8
Recognition of Real Words
WJWID	WJ Letter Word Identification [76]	W	483 (23)	3.4
WRAT	WRAT Reading* [57]	raw	31 (4)	3.0
Reading Speed/Fluency
Lists of Words/Pseudowords (# correct within 45 sec)
TWSW	TOWRE Sight Word Efficiency [104]	raw	58 (14)	3.8
TWPD	TOWRE Phonemic Decoding Eff. [63]	raw	11 (9)	1.8
Rate for Reading of Connected Text for Meaning
WJFLU	WJ Reading Fluency (sentences) [98]	W	490 (25)	2.5
NBRS	NAAL BRS Oral Reading (texts) [n/a]	wcpm	95 (38)	n/a
Oral Language Skills
Language Comprehension
WJOC	WJ Oral Comprehension (text) [34]	W	501 (16)	4.5
WJUD	WJ Understanding Directions [57]	W	489 (10)	3.7
WJSR	WJ Story Recall [79]	W	499 (5)	4.2
Vocabulary (Picture Naming)
WJPV	WJ Picture Vocabulary [44]	W	499 (14)	4.3
BNT	Boston Naming Test [60]	raw	37 (9)	n/a

^*This measure was used to screen participants for eligibility.

Note: WJ = Woodcock-Johnson; WRAT = Wide Range Achievement Test; TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency; NBRS = Basic Reading Skills oral passage reading measure from the National Assessment of Adult Literacy; wcpm = words correct per minute.