A) The five layers of the eggshell are diagramed. From innermost to outermost they are: the vitelline membrane (VM,~300nm thick), the waxy layer (~5nm), the inner chorionic layer (ICL, 40-50nm), the endochorion (EN, 500-700nm) and the exochorion (EX, 300-500nm) (adapted from Margaritis et al. 1980). Chorion layers are easily removed with 3% sodium hypochlorite (50% bleach) treatment with minimal adverse effects on the embryo. B) Scanning EM images of dechorionated non-EPS treated embryos (control) revealed a roughened plaque-like coating of the surface consistent with previous descriptions of the waxy layer. EPS treated embryos show a remarkably smooth and homogeneous surface, indicating removal of the waxy plaque layer and exposure of the vitelline membrane.