Figure 5.

Mean child health outcomes by household density group and wealth percentile, western Panamá. Child mean ± SE values for A, height-for-age Z-score (n from left = 99, 93, 25, 16, 18, 23) and B, chronicity of protozoan infection (CPI) (n from left = 107, 87, 28, 14, 19, 26) in the dispersed (< 50 houses/km²) and dense households (> 50 houses/km²). The Household Wealth Index (HWI), an asset-based index derived from measures of household construction and ownership of durable goods, was used to define wealth groups (bottom = 40%, middle = 40%, and top = 20%) and is represented by dark to light gray bars. Unique letters indicate significantly different groups (P < 0.05) determined by two-way analysis of variance and A, post hoc Tukey test or B, Mann-Whitney non-parametric test.