Table 5.
Country-specific prospective predictors of supporting a total smoking ban at follow-up (restricted to those who did not support a total smoking ban at baseline), results of multiple logistic regression by-country interaction models
| Support for a total smoking ban in drinking establishmentsa |
Support for a total smoking ban in restaurantsa |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 4,205; Events = 792 |
N = 3,114; Events = 1,322 |
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| Predictor variablea | France | Germany | Netherlands | UK | France | Germany | Netherlands | UK |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male (vs. female) | 1.12 (0.86–1.47) | 1.17 (0.70–1.93) | 1.33 (0.96–1.84) | 1.22 (0.85–1.76) | 1.35 (0.98–1.85) | 1.25 (0.91–1.73) | 1.07 (0.84–1.38)† | 1.97 (1.36–2.86) |
| Age (in years) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04)† | 1.04 (1.02–1.06)† | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Low (vs. high) | 1.22 (0.86–1.74) | 0.93 (0.47–1.87) | 1.65 (0.99–2.74)† | 0.69 (0.42–1.13) | 1.09 (0.72–1.66) | 1.26 (0.82–1.93) | 0.89 (0.62–1.27) | 1.45 (0.84–2.48) |
| Moderate (vs. high) | 1.04 (0.72–1.49) | 1.57 (0.90–2.75)† | 1.75 (1.11–2.76)† | 0.69 (0.40–1.20) | 1.08 (0.72–1.64) | 1.47 (1.03–2.10) | 1.06 (0.77–1.45) | 1.02 (0.56–1.85) |
| Heaviness of smoking index (HSI)b | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | 0.79 (0.71–0.88)† | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 0.87 (0.79–0.97) | 0.84 (0.75–0.93) | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) |
| Intention to quit within 6 months (vs. no intention) | 1.23 (0.94–1.61) | 1.22 (0.71–2.08) | 1.33 (0.92–1.94) | 1.68 (1.17–2.42) | 1.25 (0.90–1.74) | 1.41 (0.97–2.06) | 1.52 (1.12–2.05) | 1.22 (0.81–1.83) |
| Frequency of visiting the respective hospitality venue (drinking establishments / restaurants): visiting at least weekly (vs. less than weekly) | 1.11 (0.84–1.46) | 0.81 (0.45–1.46) | 0.82 (0.55–1.23) | 0.71 (0.48–1.06) | 1.38 (0.92–2.07)† | 0.94 (0.66–1.35) | 1.70 (1.13–2.55)† | 0.61 (0.39–0.96) |
| Agreement with statement “Cigarette smoke is dangerous to others” (TSP harm awareness)c | 1.47 (1.18–1.83) | 1.36 (0.95–1.93) | 1.35 (1.12–1.63) | 1.25 (0.99–1.55) | 1.42 (1.15–1.77) | 1.09 (0.90–1.32) | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) | 1.38 (1.11–1.73) |
a: Covariates refer to baseline. The basic model used UK as reference and included all variables in the table together and additional by-country interaction terms for each of the predictor variables. Estimates presented are the main effects of the predictor of interest for each country, which were derived by redefining the reference group and rerunning the model for each of the countries where a smoke-free legislation was implemented. To keep the table simple and non-redundant, the main effects of country and all by-country interaction effects were not reported, but significant interaction effects in the basic model (with UK as reference) were marked with a †
b: The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher values indicating higher addiction/heavier smoking
c: Five-point scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5)
†Statistically significant (p < 0.05) interaction effect between the predictor of interest and country, indicating significant country differences to UK