TABLE 1.
List of species for which literature data were obtained and sources
| Common name | Scientific name | References |
| Fishes | ||
| Narrow-mouthed lamprey | Geotria australis | Collin et al., 2003 |
| South hemisphere lamprey | Mordacia mordax | Collin et al., 1999, 2004; Collin and Pottert, 2000 |
| Sea lamprey | Petromyzon marinus | Dickson and Graves, 1979 |
| River lamprey | Lampetra japonica | Ishikawa et al.,1987, 1989 |
| Southern fiddler ray | Trygonorhina fasciata | Braekevelt, 1992a |
| Short tail stingray | Dasyatis brevicaudata | Braekevelt, 1994a |
| Blue spotted mask ray | Dasyatis kuhlii | Kohbara et al., 1987; Theiss et al., 2007 |
| Giant shovelnose ray | Rhinobatus typus | Hart et al., 2004 |
| Eastern shovelnose ray | Aptychotrema rostrata | Hart et al., 2004; Litherland and Collin, 2008 |
| Sting ray | Dasyatis sayi | Hamasaki and Gruber, 1965 |
| Electric ray | Narcine brasilensis | Ali and Anctil, 1974 |
| Freshwater sting ray | Paratrygon motoro | Ali and Anctil, 1974 |
| Red stingray | Dasyatis akaiei | Kohbara et al., 1987 |
| Sepia stingray | Urolophus aurantiacus | Kohbara et al., 1987 |
| Thornback ray | Platyrhina sinensis | Kohbara et al., 1987 |
| Spiny dogfish | Squalus acanthias | Stell, 1972 |
| Mediterranean dogfish | Centroscysmus coelolepis | Bozzano, 2004 |
| Small spotted dogfish | Scyliorhinus canicula | Bozzanao et al., 2001 |
| Black mouth dogfish | Galeus mealstomus | Bozzanao et al., 2001 |
| Longsnout dogfish | Deania eglantina | Kohbara et al., 1987 |
| Nurse shark | Ginglymostoma cirratum | Hamasaki and Gruber, 1965 |
| Lemon shark | Negaprion brevirostris | Gruber et al., 1963 |
| Great white shark | Carcharodon carcharias | Gruber et al., 1975; Gruber and Cohen, 1985 |
| Mako shark | Isurus oxyrinchus | Gruber et al., 1975 |
| Thresher shark | Alopias vulpinus | Gruber et al., 1975 |
| Blue shark | Prionace glauca | Gruber et al., 1975; Kohbara et al., 1987 |
| Banded houndshark | Triakis scyllia | Kohbara et al., 1987 |
| Silky shark | Carcharinus falciformis | Gruber et al., 1975 |
| White tip shark | Carcharinus longimanus | Gruber et al., 1975 |
| Sandbar shark | Carcharinus milberti | Gruber et al., 1975 |
| Brown bamboo shark | Chiloscyllium punctatum | Harahush et al., 2009 |
| White tip reef shark | Triaenodon obesus | Litherland and Collin, 2008 |
| Epaulette shark | Hemiscyllium ocellatum | Litherland and Collin, 2008 |
| Ornate wobbegong | Orectolobus ornatus | Litherland and Collin, 2008 |
| Australian lungfish | Neoceratodus forsteri | Bailes et al., 2006 |
| South American lungfish | Lepidosiren paradoxa | Ali and Anctil, 1973 |
| Coelacanth | Latimeria chalumnae | Locket, 1973 |
| Green sturgeon | Acipenser medirostru | Sillman et al., 2005 |
| Pallid sturgeon | Scaphirhynchus albus | Sillman et al., 2005 |
| Siberian sturgeon | Acipenser baeri | Govardovskii et al., 1992 |
| Amur sturgeon | Acipenser shrenckii | Fang et al., 2004 |
| Shovelnose sturgeon | Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus | Sillman et al., 1999a |
| Paddlefish | Polyodon spathula | Sillman et al., 1999a; Sillman and Dahlin, 2004 |
| Florida garfish | Lepisosteus platyrhincus | Collin and Collin, 1993 |
| Bowfin | Amia calva | Ali and Anctil, 1976 |
| Goldeye | Hiodon alosoides | Braekevelt, 1982 |
| European eel | Anguilla anguilla | Braekevelt, 1984, 1985, 1988a,b |
| American eel | Anguila rostrata | Ali and Anctil, 1976 |
| Northern anchovy | Engraulis mordax | Novales Flamarique, 2011 |
| Goldfish | Carassius auratus | Stell and Hárosi, 1976 |
| Carp | Cyprinus carpio | Bunt and Klock, 1980 |
| Japanese dace | Tribolodon hakonensis | Hárosi and Hashimoto, 1983 |
| Roach | Leucisus rutilus | Engström and Rosstorp, 1963; Zaunreiter et al., 1991 |
| Tench | Tinca tinca | Douglas and Wagner, 1982 |
| Zebrafish | Danio rerio | Nawrocki et al., 1985; Forsell et al., 2001; Kim et al.,2005 |
| Cutlips minnow | Exoglossum maxillingua | Collin et al., 1996a |
| Silverjaw minnow | Ericymba buccata | Moore et al., 1950 |
| Creek chub | Semotilus atromaculatus | Collin et al., 1996b |
| Gangfish | Loregonus lavateus | Reckel et al., 1999 |
| Common white sucker | Catostomus commersoni | Novales Flamarique and Hárosi, 1997; Novales Flamarique and Hawryshyn, 1998 |
| Razorback sucker | Xyrauchen texanus | Novales Flamarique et al., 2007 |
| Channel catfish | Ictalurus puntatus | Sillman et al., 1993 |
| White catfish | Ictalurus catus | Sillman et al., 1993 |
| Brown bullhead | Ictalurus nebulosus | Welsh and Osborn, 1937; Ali and Anctil, 1976 |
| Coho salmon | Oncorhynchus kisutch | Cheng et al., 2006, 2007 |
| Chum salmon | Oncorhynchus keta | Cheng et al., 2006 |
| Pink salmon | Oncorhynchus gorbuscha | Cheng et al., 2006 |
| Chinook salmon | Oncorhynchus tschawytscha | Cheng et al., 2006 |
| Atlantic salmon | Salmo salar | Novales Flamarique, 2002, 2011; Cheng et al., 2006 |
| Rainbow trout | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Kusmic and Gualtieri, 2000; Cheng and Novales Flamarique, 2007; Cheng et al., 2007, 2009 |
| Smelt | Osmerus eperlanus | Reckel et al., 2003 |
| Salamander fish | Lepidogalaxias salamandroides | Collin and Collin, 1998 |
| Waryfish | Scopelosaurus lepidus | Munk, 1977 |
| Greenland cod | Gadus ogac | Ali and Anctil, 1976 |
| Antarctic cod | Dissostichus mawsoni | Meyer-Rochow and Klyne, 1982 |
| Bald rock cod | Trematomus borchgrevinki | Meyer-Rochow and Klyne, 1982 |
| Emerald rock cod | Trematomus bernacchii | Meyer-Rochow and Klyne, 1982 |
| Common cod | Gadus callarias | Engström, 1961 |
| Burbot | Lota lota | Engström, 1961 |
| Tadpole fish | Raniceps raninus | Engström, 1961 |
| Silver hake | Merluccius bilinearis | Ali and Anctil, 1976 |
| Capelin | Mallotus villosus | Ali and Anctil, 1976 |
| Mummichog killifish | Fundulus heteroclitus | Anctil and Ali, 1976; Novales Flamarique and Hárosi, 2000 |
| Mangrove killifish | Rivulus marmoratus | Ali et al., 1989 |
| Four-eyed fish | Anableps anableps | Borwein and Hollenberg, 1973 |
| Guppy | Lebistes reticulatus | Müller, 1952; Yacob et al., 1977; MacNichol et al., 1978; Kunz et al., 1983 |
| Pipefish | Corythoichthyes paxtoni | Collin and Collin, 1999 |
| Halfbeak | Dermogenys pusillus | Reckel et al., 2002; Reckel and Melzer, 2003 |
| Australian rainbowfish | Melanotaenia maccullochi | Reckel et al., 2002; Reckel and Melzer, 2003 |
| Celebes rainbowfish | Marosatherina ladigesi | Reckel et al., 2002; Reckel and Melzer, 2003 |
| Sea needle | Belone belone | Reckel et al., 2001, 2002; Reckel and Melzer, 2003 |
| Lesser weever | Trachinus vipera | Kunz et al., 1985 |
| European perch | Perca fluviatilis | Ahlbert, 1973; Guma’a, 1982 |
| Yellow perch | Perca flavescens | Ali and Anctil, 1976 |
| Green sunfish | Lepomis cyanellus | Burnside and Ackland, 1984; Dearry and Barlow, 1987 |
| Butterfly fish | Pantodon buchholzi | Braekevelt, 1990a |
| Black bream | Acanthopagrus butcheri | Shand et al., 1999 |
| Blackstriped cardinalfish | Apogon angustatus | Fishelson et al., 2004 |
| Iridescent cadinalfish | Apogon kallopterus | Fishelson et al., 2004 |
| Yellowstriped cardinalfish | Apogon cyanosoma | Fishelson et al., 2004 |
| Cook’s cardinalfish | Apogon cookie | Fishelson et al., 2004 |
| Rock bass | Ambloplites rupestris | Munz and McFarland, 1977 |
| Large-mouth bass | Micropterus salmoides | García and de Juan, 1999 |
| Striped bass | Morone saxatilis | Paillart et al., 2006 |
| West Australian dhufish | Glaucosoma hebraicum | Shand et al., 2001 |
| Black sea bass | Centropristis striata | Singarajah and Hárosi, 1992 |
| Snake mackerel | Gempylus serpens | Munk, 1985 |
| Walleye | Stizosteidon vitreum vitreum | Zyznar and Ali, 1975; Januschka et al., 1987 |
| Sauger | Stizosteidon canadense | Ali and Anctil, 1977 |
| Nile tilapia | Oreochromis niloticus | Braekevelt et al., 1998 |
| Golden dwarf cichlid | Nannacara anomala | Wagner, 1978; Douglas and Wagner, 1982 |
| Velvet cichlid | Astronotus ocellatus | Braekevelt, 1992b |
| Burton’s haplochromis | Haplochromis burtoni | Pietzsch-Rohrschneider, 1976 |
| Goldsinny wrasse | Ctenolabrus suillus | Engström, 1963 |
| Corkwing wrasse | Crenilabrus melops | Engström, 1963 |
| Winter flounder | Pseudopleuronectes americanus | Evans and Fernald, 1993 |
| Amphibians | ||
| African clawed frog | Xenopus laevis | Kinney and Fisher, 1978a,b; Hollyfield et al., 1984; Röhlich et al., 1989; Röhlich and Szél, 2000 |
| Leopard frog | Rana pipiens | Nilsson, 1965 |
| Bullfrog | Rana catesbeiana | Hisatomi et al., 1998 |
| Edible frog | Rana esculenta | Reichenbach and Fuchs, 1983 |
| Tropical toad | Bufo marinus | Moody and Robertson, 1960; Hárosi, 1975 |
| Tiger salamander | Ambystoma tigrinum | Hárosi, 1975; Mariani, 1986; Braekevelt, 1993a; Sherry et al., 1998; Ma et al., 2001 |
| Axotol | Ambystoma mexicanum | Custer, 1973 |
| Red-back salamander | Plethodon cinereus | Braekevelt, 1992c |
| Newt | Triturus viridescens | Keefe, 1971 |
| Birds | ||
| Chicken | Gallus domesticus | Meyer and May, 1973; Araki et al., 1984; Szél et al., 1986; Oishi et al., 1990 |
| Pigeon | Columba livia | Cohen, 1963; Mariani and Leure-duPree, 1978; Cserháti et al., 1989 |
| Crow | Corvus brachyrhynchos | Braekevelt, 1994b |
| Great blue heron | Ardea Herodias | Rojas et al., 1999a |
| Yellow-crowned heron | Nycticorax violaceus | Rojas et al., 1999a |
| Black-crowned heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | Gondo and Ando, 1995 |
| Cattle egret | Bubulcus ibis | Rojas et al., 1999a |
| Tricolored egret | Egretta tricolor | Rojas et al., 1999a |
| American white ibis | Eudocimus ruber | Rojas et al., 1999a |
| Roseate spoonbill | Ajaia ajaja | Rojas et al., 1999a |
| Wilson’s plover | Charadrius wilsonia | Rojas et al., 1999b |
| Short-billed dowitcher | Limnodromus griseus | Rojas et al., 1999b |
| American woodcock | Scolopax minor | Rojas et al., 1999b |
| Black-winged stilt | Himantopus himantopus | Rojas et al., 1999b |
| Willet | Catoptrophorus semipalmatus | Rojas et al., 1999b |
| Red-tailed hawk | Buteo jamaicensis | Braekevelt, 1993b |
| Great horned owl | Bubo virginianus | Braekevelt, 1993c |
| Barred owl | Strix varia | Braekevelt et al., 1996 |
| Mallard duck | Anas platyrhynchos | Braekevelt, 1990b |
| Australian galah | Eolophus roseicapillus | Braekevelt and Richardson, 1996 |
| Emu | Dromaius novaehollandiae | Braekevelt, 1998 |
| Japanese quail | Coturnix coturnix japonica | Konishi, 1965; Oishi et al., 1990; Rojas et al., 2007 |
| Eastern tree sparrow | Passer montanus | Gondo and Ando, 1995 |
| House swallow | Hirundo rustica | Gondo and Ando, 1995 |
| Great tit | Parus major | Engström, 1958 |
| American robin | Turdus migratorius | McNeil et al., 2005 |
| Hermit thrush | Catharus guttatus | McNeil et al., 2005 |
| Mourning dove | Zenaida macroura | McNeil et al., 2005 |
| Common grackle | Quiscalus quiscula | McNeil et al., 2005 |
| Oil bird | Steatoinis caripensis | Martin et al., 2004; Rojas et al., 2004 |
| Common pauraque | Nyctidromus albicellis | Rojas et al., 2004 |
| Ring billed gull | Larus delawarensis | Emond et al., 2006 |
| Gray gull | Larus modestus | Emond et al., 2006 |
| Reptiles | ||
| Red-eared slider | Pseudemys scripta elegans | Baylor and Fettiplace, 1975; Leeper, 1978; Kolb and Jones, 1982, 1987; Ohtsuka and Kawamata, 1990 |
| Snapping turtle | Chelydra serpentina | Baylor and Fettiplace; 1975; Leeper; 1978 |
| Reeve’s turtle | Geoclemys reevesii | Ohtsuka, 1985; Ohtsuka and Kawamata; 1990 |
| Garter snake | Thamnophis sirtalis | Wong; 1989; Sillman et al., 1997 |
| Ball python | Python regius | Sillman et al., 1999b |
| Common boa | Boa constrictor imperator | Sillman et al., 2001 |
| Mississippi alligator | Alligator mississippiensis | Kalberer and Pedler, 1963; Sillman et al., 1991 |
| Caiman | Caiman crocodilus | Govardovskii et al., 1988 |
| Tokay gecko | Gekko gecko | Pedler and Tilly, 1964; Crescitelli, 1972 |
| Blue-tailed day gecko | Phesulma inunguis | Pedler and Tansley, 1963; Pedler and Tilly, 1964 |
| Coastal banded gecko | Coleonyx variegates | Dunn, 1966 |
| Mediterranean gecko | Hemydactilus turcicus | Pedler and Tilly, 1964; Loew et al., 1996 |
| House gecko | Hemydactilus garnotii | Loew et al., 1996 |
| Scinc gecko | Teratoscincus scincus | Govardovskii et al., 1984; Loew et al., 1996 |
| Chameleon | Chamaleo chamaleo | Armengol et al., 1981 |
| Western fence lizard | Sceloporpus occidentalis | Young, 1977; Bernstein et al., 1984 |
| Ornate dragon lizard | Ctenophorus ornatus | Barbour et al., 2002 |
| Tuatara | Sphenodon punctatu | Meyer-Rochow et al., 2005 |
| Bouton’s skink | Cryptoblepharus boutonii | Röll, 2001 |
| Mammals | ||
| Stumptail macaque | Macaca arctoides | Hoang et al., 2002 |
| Rhesus monkey | Macaca mulatta | Cohen, 1961; Leach, 1963; Dowling, 1965; Young, 1971; Borwein et al., 1980 |
| Crab-eating macaque | Macaca fascicularis | Borwein et al., 1980 |
| Pigtail macaque | Macaca nemestrina | Packer et al., 1989 |
| Owl monkey | Aotes trivirgatus | Jones, 1965; Murray et al., 1973; Ogden, 1975 |
| Vervet monkey | Cercopithecus aethiops | Braekevelt, 1987 |
| Human | Homo sapiens | Missotten, 1966; Dieterich and Rohen, 1970; Steinberg et al., 1977; Curcio et al., 1990; Hoang et al., 2002 |
| Dog | Canis domesticus | Shively et al., 1970; Hebel, 1971 |
| Wolf | Canis lupus | Peichl et al., 2001 |
| Cat | Felis domesticus | Steinberg et al., 1973; Braekevelt, 1990c |
| Ferret | Mustela putorius furo | Braekevelt, 1983a |
| Mink | Mustela vison | Dubin and Turner, 1977; Braekevelt, 1990d |
| Spotted hyena | Crocuta crocuta | Calderone et al., 2003 |
| Rabbit | Oryctologus cuniculus | Szél et al., 1988 |
| Cow | Bos taurus | Szél et al., 1988 |
| Pig | Sus scrofa domesticus | Szél et al., 1988; Hendrickson and Hicks, 2002 |
| Domestic sheep | Ovis aries | Braekevelt, 1983b |
| Mouflon | Ovis musimon | Peichl, 2005 |
| Long-finned pilot whale | Globicephala melaena | Peichl et al., 2001 |
| 13-lined squirrel | Spermophilus tridecemlineatus | West and Dowling, 1975; Anderson and Fisher, 1976 |
| Mexican ground squirrel | Spermophilus mexicanus | West and Dowling, 1975; Anderson and Fisher, 1976 |
| California ground squirrel | Spermophilus beecheyi | Anderson and Fisher, 1976 |
| Eastern gray squirrel | Sciurus carolinensis | Cohen, 1964; West and Dowling, 1975; Anderson and Fisher, 1976 |
| Western gray squirrel | Sciurus griseus | Anderson and Fisher, 1976 |
| Prairie dog | Cynomys ludovicianus | West and Dowling, 1975 |
| Mouse | Mus musculus | Carter-Dawson and LaVail, 1979 |
| Tree shrew | Tupaia belangeri | Kühne, 1983; Foelix et al.,1987; Müller and Peichl, 1989; Petry and Hárosi, 1990; Petry et al., 1993; Knabe et al., 1997 |
| African giant rat | Cricetomys gambianus | Peichl, 2005 |
| Madagascar rousette | Rousettus madagascariensis | Müller et al., 2007 |
| Seba’s short-tailed bat | Carollia perspicillata | Müller et al., 2009 |
| Greater horseshoe bat | Rhinolophus ferrumequinum | Kim et al., 2008 |
| Monotremes and marsupials | ||
| Echidna | Tachyglossus aculeatus | Young and Pettigrew, 1991 |
| Fat-tailed dunnart | Sminthopsis crassicaudata | Arrese et al., 2002, 2003 |
| Honey possum | Tarsipes rostratus | Arrese et al., 2002, 2003 |
| Mouse opossum | Thylamis elegans | Palacios et al., 2010 |
| Tammar wallaby | Macropus eugenii | Hemmi and Grünert, 1999 |
| Quokka | Setonix brachyurus | Arrese et al., 2005 |
| Quenda | Isoodon obesulus | Arrese et al., 2005 |
| Agouti | Dasyprocta aguti | Rocha et al., 2009 |
In the case of the northern anchovy, only retinal areas with regular cones were evaluated (Novales Flamarique, 2011).