Distribution of Alexandrium species in the Mediterranean Sea, modified from Penna et al. (2008). Open circles represent the sampled stations. Colored circles, square, triangle, and diamond symbols represent the species found by Penna et al. (2008) or by other authors, as defined and based on nucleotide sequences and morphology (see Section 2.3). Alexandrium andersoni (
), A. minutum (
), A. tamutum (
), A. peruvianum/A. ostenfeldii (
), A. insuetum (
), A. margalefi (
), A. pseudogonyaulax (
), A. taylori (
), A. affine (
), A. catenella Group VI (◆), A. tamarense Group II (
), and Group III (
).