Table 1.
Means (and Standard Deviations) of all Variables Reported by Mothers, Fathers, and Youth
| Mothers | Fathers | Firstborns | Secondborns | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls (N = 176) | Boys (N = 182) | Girls (N = 178) | Boys (N = 180) | |||
| Parents' Education | 14.66 (2.19)a | 14.60 (2.39)a | - | - | - | - |
| Parents' Income | 24,756 (17,733)a | 48,747 (28,158)b | - | - | - | - |
| Attitudes toward women | 26.19 (6.05)a | 28.11 (5.82)b | −.48 (.70)a | .45 (1.03)b | −.36 (.87)a | .35 (1.01)b |
| Parents' time on household tasks | 18.07 (8.77)a | 8.76 (5.13)b | - | - | - | - |
| Mothers' time with children | - | - | 8.16 (5.44)a | 4.46 (4.43)b | 9.42 (5.49)a | 6.42 (4.60)b |
| Fathers' time with children | - | - | 4.87 (4.31)a | 7.33 (5.78)b | 6.30 (4.75)a | 8.11 (6.01)b |
| Marital conflict | 20.03 (6.28)a | 18.28 (5.87)b | - | - | - | - |
| Mother-child conflict | - | - | 23.53 (6.06)a | 23.52 (5.94)a | 24.43 (6.15)a | 25.19 (7.06)a |
| Father-child conflict | - | - | 21.97 (6.23)a | 22.02 (6.12)a | 22.22 (6.79)a | 23.16 (6.54)a |
| Sibling conflict | - | - | 18.85 (7.50)a | 19.07 (7.23)a | 19.42 (7.66)a | 19.07 (7.33)a |
Note. Mothers' and fathers' scores were compared using pair-sample t-tests. Girls' and boys' scores were compared separately for first- and secondborn siblings using independent sample t-tests;
a, b, c
Scores with different subscripts are significantly different, p < .05;
Scores for time variables represent square root transformations of number of minutes;
Scores for youth-reported gender role attitudes were standardized within cohort and birth order.