Table 1. Published MST Outcome Studies Addressing Serious Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents.

Study, Sample Size, and Design	Population	Comparison	Follow-up	MST Outcomes	Therapists	Provider Organization
Henggeler et al.(1986) N = 80^a Quasi-experimental	Delinquents	Diversion services	Post treatment	improved family relations decreased behavioral and emotional problems decreased association with deviant peers	Graduate students	University

Borduin, Henggeler, Blaske, & Stein (1990) N = 16 RCT	adolescent sexual offenders	Individual counseling	3 years	reduced sexual offending (93%) reduced other criminal offending (72%)	Graduate students	University

Henggeler, Melton, & Smith (1992) N = 84 RCT	violent and chronic juvenile offenders	Usual community services – high rates of incarceration	59 weeks	improved family relations improved peer relations decreased recidivism (43%) decreased out-of-home placement (64%)	Community therapists	Community provider
Henggeler et al. (1993)	same sample		2.4 years	decreased recidivism (24%) (doubled survival rate)

Borduin et al. (1995) N = 176 RCT	violent and chronic juvenile offenders	Individual counseling	4 years	improved family relations decreased psychiatric symptomatology for parents decreased youth behavior problems decreased recidivism (63%)	Graduate students	University
Schaeffer & Borduin (2005)	same sample		13.7 years	decreased rearrests (54%) decreased days incarcerated (57%)

Henggeler, Melton et al. (1997) N = 155 RCT	violent and chronic juvenile offenders	Juvenile probation services – high rates of incarceration	1.7 years	decreased youth psychiatric symptomatology decreased incarceration (53%) decreased recidivism (26%, nonsignificant) treatment adherence linked with recidivism outcomes	Community therapists	Community providers – two sites

Henggeler, Rowland et al. (1999) N = 116 (Final sample = 156) RCT	youth presenting psychiatric emergencies	Psychiatric hospitalization	4 months post recruitment	decreased externalizing problems (CBCL) improved family relations increased school attendance higher consumer satisfaction	Community therapists	University
Schoenwald et al. (2000)	same sample		4 months post recruitment	73% reduction in days hospitalized 49% reduction in days in other out-of-home placements

Henggeler, Pickrel, & Brondino (1999) N = 118 RCT	substance abusing and dependent delinquents	Usual community services	11 months post recruitment	decreased drug use at post- treatment decreased days in out-of-home placement (50%) decreased criminal arrests (25%, nonsignificant) treatment adherence linked with decreased drug use and other outcomes	Community therapists	University
Henggeler, Clingempeel et al. (2002)	same sample		4 years	decreased violent crime (74%) increased marijuana abstinence

Ogden & Halliday-Boykins (2004) N = 100 RCT - Independent	Norwegian youth with serious antisocial behavior	Usual Child Welfare Services	6 months post recruitment	decreased externalizing and internalizing symptoms decreased out-of-home placements (78%) increased social competence increased consumer satisfaction differential site effects	Community therapists	Community providers – four sites
Ogden & Hagen (2006)	Sample from three sites with fidelity		24 months post recruitment	decreased internalizing symptoms decreased out-of-home placements (56%)

Rowland et al. (2005) N = 31 RCT	youth with serious emotional and behavioral disturbances at risk for out-of-home placement	Hawaii's intensive Continuum of Care	6 months post recruitment	decreased symptoms decreased arrests (34%, nonsignificant) increased days in regular school (42%, marginally significant) increased social support (marginally significant) decreased days in out-of-home placement (68%)	Community therapists	Community provider

Timmons-Mitchell et al. (2006) N = 93 RCT - Independent	juvenile offenders (felons) at imminent risk of placement	Usual community services	18-month post-treatment follow-up	improved youth functioning decreased substance use problems improved school functioning decreased rearrests (37%)	Community therapists	Community provider

Henggeler et al., (2006) N = 161 RCT	substance abusing and dependent juvenile offenders in drug court	Four treatment conditions, including Family Court with usual services and Drug Court with usual services	12 months post recruitment	MST enhanced substance use outcomes for alcohol and marijuana drug court was more effective than Family Court at decreasing self-reported substance use and criminal activity	Community therapists	University

Stambaugh et al. (2007)^a N = 267 Quasi-experimental - Independent	youth with serious emotional disturbance and antisocial behavior at risk for out-of-home placement	Wraparound	18-month follow-up	decreased symptoms improved functioning decreased out-of-home placements (54%)	Community therapists	Community provider

Sundell et al. (2008) N = 156 RCT - Independent	youth met diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder	Usual child welfare services in Sweden	7 months post recruitment	no outcomes favoring either treatment condition low treatment fidelity treatment fidelity associated with arrest	Community therapists	Community providers – four sites

Borduin, Schaeffer & Heiblum (2009) N = 48 RCT	juvenile sexual offenders	Usual community services	9 years	decreased behavior problems and symptoms improved family relations, peer relations, and academic performance decreased caregiver distress decreased sex offender recidivism (83%) decreased recidivism for other crimes (50%) decreased days incarcerated (80%)	Graduate students	University

Letourneau et al. (2009) N = 127 RCT	juvenile sexual offenders	Usual sex offender-specific treatment	12 months post-recruitment	decreased sexual behavior problems decreased delinquency, substance use, and externalizing symptoms reduced out-of-home placements	Community therapists	Community provider

MST = Multisystemic Therapy

RCT = randomized clinical trial.