Table 2. Published FFT Outcome Studies Addressing Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents.

Study, Sample Size, and Design	Population	Comparison	Follow-up	FFT Outcomes	Therapists	Provider Organization
Alexander & Parsons (1973) N = 86 RCT	Juvenile status offenders	Three control conditions: client-centered family groups, psychodynamic family treatment, and no treatment	6-18 months post treatment	Improved family communication Decreased status offending (53%) Decreased criminal offending (29%, nonsignificant)	Graduate students	University
Barton et al. (1985) N = 74 Quasi-experimental	Serious juvenile offenders released from incarceration	Primarily youth in group homes and other placements	15 months post treatment	Decreased criminal offending (57%)	Not described in publication	University
Gordon et al. (1988) N = 54 Quasi-experimental – Independent	Status offenders and juvenile offenders	Lower risk delinquents receiving probation	2.5 years post recruitment	Decreased recidivism (84%)	Graduate students	University
Gordon et al. (1995)	Same sample		5 years post recruitment	Decreased adult criminal offenses (78%)
Friedman (1989) N = 121 RCT - Independent	Substance abusing adolescents	Parent group treatment	15 months post recruitment	No treatment effects	Community therapists	Community providers
Waldron et al. (2001) N = 114 RCT	Substance-abusing adolescents	Four treatment conditions: FFT, CBT, FFT and CBT combined, and group therapy	3 months post treatment	Favorable outcomes for marijuana use at post treatment dissipated at 3-month follow-up	Graduate students	University
Sexton & Turner (2010) N = 917 RCT - Independent	Juvenile offenders	Probation services as usual	12 months post treatment	No treatment effects treatment adherence linked with recidivism outcomes	Community therapists	Community providers – 14 counties

FFT = functional family therapy

RCT = randomized clinical trial.