Table 3. Published MTFC Outcome Studies Addressing Serious Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents.

Study, Sample Size, and Design	Population	Comparison	Follow-up		MTFC Outcomes	Therapists	Provider Organization
Chamberlain (1990)N = 32 Quasi-experimental	Delinquents	Group care placements	2 years		decreased incarceration (47%) increased successful program completion (64%)	Community therapists	Research Center
Chamberlain & Reid (1998) N = 79 RCT	male chronic and serious juvenile offenders	Group care placements	1 year post-entry		60% fewer days incarcerated decreased self-reported delinquency (56%)	Community therapists	Research Center
			1 year post-discharge		decreased criminal charges (52%)
Eddy, Whaley, & Chamberlain (2004)	same sample		2 years		decreased violent recidivism (45%) decreased repeat violent recidivism (79%) decreased delinquency
Leve, Chamberlain, & Reid (2005) N = 81 RCT	female chronic juvenile offenders	Group care placements	1 year		62% fewer days incarcerated decreased criminal charges (42%, nonsignificant)	Community therapists	Research Center
Chamberlain, Leve, & DeGarmo (2007)	same sample		2 years		decreased incarceration (67%) decreased criminal charges (41%, marginally significant)
Kerr, Leve, & Chamberlain (2009)	same sample plus 85 additional female offenders randomized to intervention conditions		2 years		decreased pregnancies (43%)
Westermark, Hansson, & Olsson (2011) N = 35 RCT - Independent	youth with antisocial behavior	Residential, foster care, or home-based treatment	2 years		decreased externalizing symptoms decreased depression decreased psychiatric distress	Community therapists	Community provider
Westermark, Hannsson, & Vinnerljung (2008) N = 306 Quasi-experimental - Independent	same MTFC sample, large community sample			1 year	decreased placement disruptions (62%)

MTFC = Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care.

RCT = randomized clinical trial.