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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Feb 3.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroquantology. 2011 Dec;9(4):728–746. doi: 10.14704/nq.2011.9.4.499

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Rule 1 of variation translated from the classic circular genetic code to the 64-grid genetic code. This image represents the rule number 1 which emphasizes the codon exchangeability in the four quadrants between essential hydrophobic codons (Castro-Chavez, 2010). At the center of the image we find the 16 codons for the essential hydrophobic amino acids with U at their center, considered to be the ‘engines of variation’. In a quantic fashion, all the codons for Valine (V), Leucine (L), Isoleucine (I) or Phenilalanine (F) can rotate, occupying any cell within their own amino acid per quadrant. Clockwise, quadrant 1 is at the top right, quadrant 2 at the bottom right, quadrant 3 at the bottom left and quadrant four at the top left. The starting codon M is noticed by a dotted cell near the center of the 64-grid.