Fig. 1.
Possible mechanisms of COX-2-derived PGE2 contributions to tumor development. In epithelial tumors of the mammary gland, COX-2-derived PGE2 may stimulate proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, which promotes tumor-associated angiogenesis. Solid malignancies are made up of multiple types of cells that produce signals that work in both a paracrine and autocrine manner as depicted.