Table 1.
Characteristics of Women and Men, Overall and by Presence of Depressive Symptoms
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Women | Depression Symptoms | Total Men | Depression Symptoms | |||
| N=2,163 | No n=1,655 |
Yes n=508 |
N=1,545 | No n=1,300 |
Yes n=245 |
|
| Age, y, mean (se) | 51.1 (0.3) | 51.3 (0.3) | 50.5 (0.6) | 50.1 (0.3) | 49.8 (0.4) | 51.8 (0.7) |
| Race/ethnicity | N (%) | % | % | N (%) | % | % |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 720 (33.3) | 43.1 | 29.2 | 437 (28.3) | 27.3 | 33.5 |
| Hispanic | 582 (26.9) | 25.7 | 44.3 | 426 (27.6) | 26.7 | 32.2 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 861 (39.8) | 31.2 | 26.5 | 682 (44.1) | 46.0 | 34.3 |
| Socioeconomic status2 | ||||||
| Low | 904 (41.8) | 48.1 | 64.8 | 573 (37.1) | 32.4 | 61.9 |
| Medium | 905 (41.8) | 39.9 | 31.1 | 674 (43.6) | 45.9 | 31.5 |
| High | 354 (16.4) | 12.0 | 4.1 | 298 (19.3) | 21.7 | 6.5 |
| Cigarette smoker | ||||||
| Never | 1,092 (50.5) | 50.7 | 47.5 | 582 (37.7) | 39.7 | 27.0 |
| Former | 571 (26.4) | 26.8 | 21.5 | 461 (29.8) | 30.9 | 24.0 |
| Current | 500 (23.1) | 22.6 | 31.1 | 502 (32.5) | 29.4 | 49.0 |
| Body mass index, mean (se), kg/m2 | 30.5 (0.2) | 29.9 (0.2) | 32.5 (0.4) | 28.6 (0.2) | 28.4 (0.2) | 29.4 (0.4) |
| Alcohol intake, mean (se), g/d | 1.9 (0.02) | 1.9 (0.03) | 1.7 (0.05) | 2.5 (0.04) | 2.5 (0.04) | 2.5 (0.10) |
| Physical activity3 | ||||||
| Low | 764 (35.3) | 40.7 | 50.4 | 482 (31.2) | 26.4 | 56.7 |
| Medium | 1,068 (49.4) | 45.3 | 41.2 | 698 (45.2) | 47.6 | 32.3 |
| High | 331 (15.3) | 14.1 | 8.4 | 365 (23.6) | 26.0 | 11.0 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Arthritis or rheumatism | 737 (34.1) | 36.6 | 42.4 | 312 (20.2) | 17.7 | 33.6 |
| Asthma | 439 (20.3) | 22.2 | 28.0 | 215 (13.9) | 12.2 | 23.3 |
| Cardiac disease | 214 (9.9) | 10.7 | 17.4 | 170 (11.0) | 9.8 | 17.6 |
| Diabetes | 275 (12.7) | 10.5 | 17.7 | 191 (12.4) | 10.5 | 22.5 |
| Depression symptoms | 508 (23.5) | 0 | 100 | 245 (15.9) | 0 | 100 |
| Antidepressant medication use1 | 365 (16.9) | 13.9 | 31.3 | 174 (11.3) | 7.7 | 30.2 |
| Antipsychotic medication use1 | 74 (3.4) | 3.7 | 7.7 | 56 (3.6) | 2.0 | 12.2 |
| Any vitamin/mineral supplement use | 1,002 (46.3) | 43.2 | 33.7 | 560 (36.3) | 37.8 | 28.1 |
| Individual zinc supplement use | 132 (6.1) | 4.8 | 4.0 | 96 (6.2) | 5.7 | 9.0 |
| Dietary Intakes, mean (se) servings/d | ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables | 2.5 (0.03) | 2.6 (0.04) | 2.2 (0.06) | 2.4 (0.04) | 2.4 (0.04) | 2.2 (0.09) |
| Meat, fish, poultry, beans, and eggs | 1.8 (0.02) | 1.8 (0.03) | 1.9 (0.05) | 2.4 (0.04) | 2.4 (0.04) | 2.6 (0.10) |
| Total energy, kcal | 1,592 (13) | 1,579 (15) | 1,633 (30) | 1,936 (18) | 1,915 (19) | 2,044 (46) |
| Polyunsaturated fat, g | 13.3 (0.1) | 13.4 (0.1) | 13.1 (0.2) | 12.6 (0.1) | 12.6 (0.1) | 12.4 (0.3) |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 1.8 (0.01) | 1.8 (0.01) | 1.7 (0.02) | 1.8 (0.01) | 1.8 (0.02) | 1.7 (0.03) |
| Magnesium, mg | 300 (1.5) | 304 (1.8) | 286 (3.1) | 289 (1.7) | 291 (1.9) | 280 (4.3) |
| Zinc, mg | 10.3 (0.05) | 10.3 (0.1) | 10.1 (0.1) | 10.4 (0.06) | 10.4 (0.07) | 10.3 (0.2) |
Antidepressants included: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, serotonin modulators (5-HT2 blockers), mirtazapine, and buproprion. Antipsychotics included atypical antipsychotics and other antipsychotics/neuroleptics. Antidepressant and antipsychotic medication categories were not mutually exclusive.
Socioeconomic status was calculated using the method by Green (Green, 1970), incorporating both education and household income normalized to income in the Northeast United States (US Census 2000), and categorized as follows based on the distribution of the derived variable: low (lower 25th%), middle (middle 50th%), high (upper 25th%).
Physical activity was measured by means of the validated Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (Washburn et al., 1993); scores were classified as follows: <100=low, 100-249=medium, ≥ 250=high.