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TNFα activates the Raf/MAPK pathway in VSMCs. (A) Time-course stimulation of AoSMCs results in Raf-1 activation, highest at 1 h, and ERK1/2 activation peaks at 30 min. (B) Activation of ERK1/2 coincides with JNK1 activation from 30 min of TNFα treatment. (C) PDGF and TNFα time-course stimulation shows ERK1/2 and JNK activation occurs simultaneously from the different stimuli.
