Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Oct 19;1822(5):639–649. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.011

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Age and amyloid beta-induced free radical production and cleavage of APP fragments in AD neuron. The accumulation of mtDNA changes may induce ROS production and cause oxidative damage in aged tissues. In late-onset AD, age-dependent production of ROS contribute to the secretion of Aβ peptides by activating β- and γ-secretases. These Aβ peptides enter mitochondria, induce free radicals, decrease cytochrome oxidase activity, and inhibit ATP generation. In familial AD, mutations in APP, PS1 and PS2 activate β- and γ-secretases and secrete Aβ peptides, and these Aβ peptides enter mitochondria, cause mitochondrial dysfunction and damage neurons.