Table 1.
Anthrax outbreaks in Eastern and Southern Africa for which details were available. Predominant species are emboldened, followed by species in which > 5 cases were documented
| Location | Country | Habitat | Date | Species affected | Weather/season | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mago NP | Ethiopia | Bushland, savanna grassland | September-December 1999 |
Lesser kudu, gerenuk, warthog, bushbuck |
Drought | Shiferaw et al. (2002) |
| Bushland, savanna grassland | September-October 2000 |
Lesser kudu, bushbuck, gerenuk, dik-dik, |
Dry season | Shiferaw et al. (2002) | ||
| Samburu | Kenya | Semi-arid savanna, grasslands, bushland |
December 2005- March 2006 |
Grevy’s zebra, plains zebra, livestock |
Drought | Muoria et al. (2007) |
| Queen Elizabeth NP | Uganda | Rivers, riverine habitat, alkaline soils |
1959 | Hippopotamus | Wafula, Patrick & Charles (2008) | |
| Rivers, riverine habitat, alkaline soils |
1962 | Hippopotamus | Wafula, Patrick & Charles (2008) | |||
| Rivers, riverine habitat, alkaline soils |
1991 | Hippopotamus | Wafula, Patrick & Charles (2008) | |||
| Rivers, riverine habitat, alkaline soils |
July 2004-March 2005 |
Hippopotamus, zebra, buffalo, kob, warthog |
Prolonged dry period |
Wafula, Patrick & Charles (2008) | ||
| Lake Mburo NP | Uganda | Short grass plains in low lying valleys, alkaline soils |
March-September 2005 | Zebra | First rains following prolonged dry period |
Wafula, Patrick & Charles (2008) |
| Serengeti NP | Tanzania | Acacia woodland, alkaline soils | January-February 1998 | Impala | Heavy rains (ENSO associated) |
Mlengeya et al. (1998) |
| Lake Manyara | Tanzania | Riverine woodland | December 1983- November 1984 |
Impala | End of the Dry season |
Prins &Weyerhaeuser (1987) |
| Luangwa Valley | Zambia | Riverine woodland | June-November 1987 |
Hippopotamus, buffalo, elephant |
Dry season | Turnbull et al. (1991) |
| Riverine woodland | August-September 1988 | Hippopotamus | Dry season | Turnbull et al. (1991) | ||
| Malilangwe WR & Save Valley Conservancy |
Zimbabwe | Riverine woodland, acacia woodland |
August-November 2004 |
Greater kudu, buffalo, bushbuck, waterbuck |
Dry season | Clegg et al. (2007) |
| Caprivi | Namibia | Bushland and riverine habitat | May-July 1960 | Kudu, Roan antelope | Drought | Pienaar (1961) |
| Chobe | Botswana & | Marshland | 1998 | Elephant | Dry season | ProMed-Mail (2000) |
| National Park + Caprivi Region |
Namibia | September-December 2004 | Buffalo, elephant, zebra | Dry season | ProMed-Mail (2004a, 2004b) | |
| August-October 2006 | Buffalo, elephant, zebra | Dry season |
Barrett (2006); Dudley (2006): ProMed-Mail (2006) |
|||
| Etosha NP | Namibia | Central eastern Etosha with ‘contaminated’ waterholes |
1968-1972 | Zebra, wildebeest, and others | Wet season | Lindeque, Brain & Turnbull (1996) |
| Widely distributed, especially in west |
November 1981-January 1982 |
Elephant | Dry season | Lindeque & Turnbull (1994) | ||
| Widely distributed, especially in west |
October-December 1989 | Elephant | Dry season | Lindeque & Turnbull (1994) | ||
| Central and eastern Etosha | March-April 1984 |
Zebra, Wildebeest, gemsbok, springbok |
End of rainy season |
Lindeque & Turnbull (1994) | ||
| Central and eastern Etosha Possible association with burning |
February 2010 | Zebra, springbok | Rainy season | Bellan (2010) | ||
| Kruger NP | South Africa | Around watering holes | October-November 1959 |
Kudu, waterbuck, gemsbok, buffalo |
Dry season | Pienaar (1960) |
| Mopane and low lying plains | June-September 1960 |
Greater kudu, roan, buffalo, waterbuck, Nyala, bushbuck, steinbuck, impala |
Dry season | Pienaar (1961); de Vos (1990) | ||
| Mopane and low lying plains | August-October 1970 |
Greater kudu, roan, buffalo and others |
Dry season | de Vos (1990) | ||
| Mopane and low lying plains - associated with |
August-October 1990 | Greater kudu, buffalo, roan, waterbuck | Dry season | de Vos & Bryden (1996) | ||
| stagnant pools | May-October 1991 | Greater kudu, buffalo, roan, waterbuck | Dry season | de Vos & Bryden (1996) | ||
| Mixed plains and knobthorn /marula savanna |
September-November 1993 | Greater kudu and others | Dry season | Bryden (1999) | ||
| Mixed plains and knobthorn /marula savanna |
June-July 1999 |
Greater kudu, wildebeest, zebra and others |
Dry season |
Bryden (1999): Pollack (1999) |
NP, National Park; WR, Wildlife Reserve.