Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants.
Figures are means (SD) unless otherwise stated
| Characteristic (number with data if missing data) |
Whole sample (n=72) |
Treatment group (n=37) |
Control group (n=35) |
Test statistic |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 10.3 (1.6) | 10.8 (1.6) | 9.8 (1.4) | t= 2.8 | 0.006** |
|
| |||||
| Gender % (n) | |||||
| Girls | 69.4 (50) | 70.3 (26) | 68.6 (24) | χ2= 0.02 | 0.9 |
| Boys | 30.6 (22) | 29.7 (11) | 31.4 (11) | ||
|
| |||||
| Parent BMI (n=59) | 30.8 (8.9) | 31.9 (10.5) | 29.3 (6.1) | t= 1.2 | 0.2 |
|
| |||||
| Ethnicity % (n) | |||||
| White | 56.9 (41) | 67.6 (25) | 45.7 (16) | χ2= 5.9 | 0.1 |
| Black | 19.4 (14) | 18.9 (7) | 20.0 (7) | ||
| Asian | 13.9 (10) | 10.8 (4) | 17.1 (6) | ||
| Mixed/ other | 9.7 (7) | 2.7 (1) | 17.1 (6) | ||
|
| |||||
| Parent education % (n) (n=59) | |||||
| Compulsory school education or below | 45.8 (27) | 55.2 (16) | 36.7 (11) | χ2= 3.5 | 0.2 |
| Vocational/ A-level | 30.5 (18) | 31.0 (9) | 30.0 (9) | ||
| Degree or higher | 23.7 (14) | 13.8 (4) | 33.3 (10) | ||
|
| |||||
| Weight (kg) (n=61) | 68.4 (18.3) | 70.8 (17.8) | 65.5 (18.8) | t= 1.1 | 0.3 |
|
| |||||
| Weight SDS (n=61) | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.8) | t= −0.4 | 0.7 |
|
| |||||
| Height (cm) (n=61) | 148.5 (10.0) | 151.3 (9.3) | 145.1 (9.8) | t= 2.5 | 0.02* |
|
| |||||
| Height SDS (n=61) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.0) | t= 0.4 | 0.7 |
|
| |||||
| BMI (n=61) | 30.6 (5.3) | 30.6 (5.1) | 30.6 (5.7) | t= 0.009 | 0.9 |
|
| |||||
| BMI SDS (n=61) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.6) | t= −1.0 | 0.3 |
|
| |||||
| % BMI (n=61) | 180.4 (30.6) | 178.3 (29.8) | 182.9 (31.9) | t=−0.6 | 0.6 |
|
| |||||
| Waist (cm) (n=59) | 90.0 (10.4) | 91.2 (9.8) | 88.7 (11.0) | t= 0.9 | 0.3 |
|
| |||||
| Waist SDS (n=59) | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.6) | t= −0.5 | 0.6 |
|
| |||||
| FM index (kg/m2) (n=60) | 13.4 (3.6) | 13.4 (3.4) | 13.4 (3.8) | t=0.08 | 0.9 |
|
| |||||
| FFM index (kg/m2) (n=60) | 16.9 (2.3) | 16.7 (2.1) | 17.2 (2.5) | t=−0.8 | 0.4 |
|
| |||||
| BP (n=57) | |||||
| Systolic BP SDS | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.9) | t=−1.0 | 0.3 |
| Diastolic BP SDS | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.7) | 1.0 (0.9) | t=−0.6 | 0.6 |
|
| |||||
| Tanner stage % (n) (n=62) |
|||||
| 1 | 45.2 (28) | 41.9 (13) | 48.4 (15) | χ2= 8.1 | 0.1 |
| 2 | 35.5 (22) | 29.0 (9) | 41.9 (13) | ||
| 3 | 8.1 (5) | 16.1 (5) | 0 (0) | ||
| 4 | 8.1 (5) | 6.5 (2) | 9.7 (3) | ||
| 5 | 3.2 (2) | 6.5 (2) | 0 (0) | ||
|
| |||||
| SDQ total score37 (n=41) | 13.2 (6.7) | 12.4 (6.0) | 13.8 (7.4) | t=−0.7 | 0.5 |
|
| |||||
| PedsQL total score38 | |||||
| Child reported (n=61) | 69.4 (16.6) | 70.7 (15.8) | 68.1 (17.6) | t= 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Parent reported (n=59) | 63.3 (15.7) | 64.2 (14.6) | 62.5 (17.0) | t= 0.4 | 0.7 |
|
| |||||
| CDI t-score36 (n=58) | 51.0 (8.9) | 50.8 (7.8) | 51.2 (10.1) | t=−0.1 | 0.9 |
|
| |||||
| Harter global score35 (n=56) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.7 (0.7) | t=−0.3 | 0.8 |
|
| |||||
| CHEAT39-40 (n=62) | |||||
| Total score | 14.0 (9.7) | 13.8 (8.1) | 14.1 (11.2) | t=−0.1 | 0.9 |
| Diet scale | 10.4 (6.9) | 10.5 (6.4) | 10.3 (7.5) | t=0.2 | 0.9 |
| Bulimia/ food preoccupation scale (mdn, IQR) |
0.0 (2.7) | 0.0 (3.0) | 0.0 (2.8) | U=457.5 | 0.9 |
| Oral control scale (mdn, IQR) | 1.0 (3.0) | 1.0 (3.0) | 1.0 (3.0) | U=480.0 | 0.8 |
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01
BMI=body mass index; FM=fat mass; FFM=fat free mass; BP=blood pressure; SDS=standard deviation score; SDQ=Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire; PedsQL=Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory; CDI=Children’s Depression Inventory; CHEAT=Children’s Eating Attitudes Test; mdn= median; IQR= interquartile range