S. pombe mbx2+ induces nonsexual flocculation in S. cerevisiae. (A) Nonsexual flocculation of S. cerevisiae cells expressing S. pombe mbx2+ and S. cerevisiae FLO8. pBP73G, containing the GPD promoter, was used as an overexpression vector. Wild-type (BY4742) cells transformed with pBP73G (−), pBP73G-mbx2+ (mbx2+), and pBP73G-FLO8 (FLO8) cells were cultured in SD-uracil medium at 30°C for 24 h, after which flocculation was assessed. (B) Effects of various sugars on flocculation of the mbx2+-overexpressing strain. EDTA (10 mM final concentration) and sugars (galactose, glucose, fructose, mannose, and sucrose; 200 mM final concentration) were added to the mbx2+-overexpressing cells. (C) Assessment of flocculation of flo1Δ, flo10Δ, and flo11Δ strains transformed with pBP73G-mbx2+ and pBP73G-FLO8. (D) mRNA levels of FLO1, FLO11, and ACT1 in cells transformed with pBP73G (−), pBP73G-mbx2+ (mbx2+), and pBP73G-FLO8 (FLO8). Total RNA was extracted from transformants, and gene expression was monitored by RT-PCR.