Stimulatory effects of VprBP knockdown on p53 transcriptional targets. (A) Depletion of VprBP, p53, and HDAC1. U2OS cells were transfected with VprBP shRNA (lane 2), p53 shRNA (lane 3), HDAC1 shRNA (lane 4), or control shRNA (lane 1), and Western blot analyses were performed using the indicated antibodies. Actin was used as an internal control. (B) Relative effect of p53, VprBP, or HDAC1 knockdown on p53 target gene transcription. Cells depleted of VprBP, p53, or HDAC1 were treated with 100 μM etoposide for 12 h, and mRNA levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Averages and standard deviations of data from three independent experiments are shown.