Figure 1.

Example of a rat tested on the response and visual cue discrimination tasks. In each task, a rat had a choice to turn to the left or to the right. A white visual cue was randomly placed in one of the choice arms on each trial. In the response version, this rat was started from the South, West, and East arms and always had to make a 90° turn to the right to receive a cereal reinforcement. In the visual cue version, the rat was started from the same arms but always had to enter the visual cue arm that did not depend on always making the same type of turn. The arrows in the maze represent the correct navigation pattern to receive a reinforcement.