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. 2012 Jan 12;106(3):429–435. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.612

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Copyright © 2012 Cancer Research UK

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Interplay between viral oncoproteins and the host DDR. Viral oncoproteins activate cellular oncogenes (green arrows top level) in order to enter or re-enter the cell cycle, thereby inducing replicative stress and causing DNA single-stranded breaks (ssDNA). ssDNA and DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB) generated during repair of single-stranded DNA recognised by ATR and ATM kinases, respectively, which master regulate downstream signalling (all targets not shown), including activation of Chk2 and p53. Tumour virus oncoproteins modulate the function of DDR components by activating (green arrows) or suppressing (shown in red) their expression or activity.