Table 1. Human oncogenic viruses and their interactions with the host DNA damage response.

Oncogenic virus	Tumors associated with virus infection	Oncoproteins involved in DDR	References
EBV	Burkitt's lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's/diffuse large B cell lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma	EBNA2/LP → DDR	(Nikitin et al, 2010)
		EBNA1 → ROS → DDR	(Gruhne et al, 2009a)
		EBNA3C ⊣ early DDR	(Nikitin et al, 2010)
		EBNA3C⊣Chk2,p53	(Choudhuri et al, 2007; Yi et al, 2009)
		EBNA3C⊣ G2/M checkpoint	(Gruhne et al, 2009b; Parker et al, 2000)
		LMP1⊣ATM	(Gruhne et al, 2009b)
KSHV	Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma	v-cyclin → ATM	(Koopal et al, 2007)
		LANA → myc → DDR	(Liu et al, 2007)
		LANA:p53	(Chen et al, 2010; Friborg et al, 1999)
HPV	Cervical cancer, ovarian cancer	E6,E7 → repl stress → DDR	(Bester et al, 2011)
		E7:pATM	(Moody and Laimins, 2009)
		E6⊣p53	(Scheffner et al, 1990)
HBV	Hepatocellular carcinoma	HBV → ATR	(Wang et al, 2008; Zhao et al, 2008a)
		HBx → Ras → DDR	(Klein and Schneider, 1997)
		HBx ⊣ p53	(Wang et al, 1994)
HTLV I	ATL	Tax⊣DNA-PK	(Durkin et al, 2008)
		Tax⊣Chk1/Chk2	(Park et al, 2004; Park et al, 2006)
		Tax⊣p53	(Ariumi et al, 2000; Pise-Masison et al, 2000)

Abbreviations: ATL=adult T-cell leukaemia; DDR=DNA damage response; EBV=Epstein–Barr virus; HBV=hepatitis B virus; HPV=human papillomavirus; HTLV-I=human T-lymphotropic virus type I.