Table 2.

Nonhistone proteins known to be direct substrates for HDAC.

Substrate	Category	HDAC	Function of acetylation	Ref.
α-tubulin	Cytoskeleton	HDAC-6, SirT2	Modulates microtubule depolymerization	[183] [14]
β-catenin	Cell adhesion, transcription regulator	HDAC-6	Regulates β-catenin function in a promoter-dependent manner	[184]
TCF	DNA-binding factor	HDAC-3	Increases nuclear localization of high-mobility group (HMG) protein	[185]
p53	Tumor suppressor	HDAC-1, SirT2	Decreases DNA binding and transcriptional activity	[51]
MyoD	Muscle cell differentiation	HDCA-1	Acetylation regulates transactivation and the conversion of naive fibroblasts to muscle cells	[90]
E2F	Transcription factor/cell cycle	HDAC-1	Acetylation increases DNA-binding affinity	[186]
Hsp90	Chaperone protein	HDAC-6	Affects the maturation of glucocorticoid receptors	[187]
HIF1α	Transcription factor	HDAC-7	Regulates degradation in the proteasome	[123]
GATA	Transcription factor	HDAC-3, -4, -5	Affects erythroid differentiation	[14]
YY1	Transcription factor	HDAC-1, -2, -3	Acetylation promotes stable HDAC–YY1 interaction Acetylation regulates YY1–DNA binding	[112]
NF-κB	Transcription factor	HDAC-3, SirT1	Promotes the p65–IκB interaction and inhibits NF-κB-mediated transcription	[95]
Estrogen receptor	Steroid hormone receptor	HDAC-1	Increases cell proliferation	[188]
pRb	Tumor suppressor	HDAC-1	Regulates the specific interaction with E2F-1	[189]

HDAC: Histone deacetylase; HIF1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; Hsp: Heat-shock protein; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; TCF: T-cell factor; pRb: Retinoblastoma protein; YY1: Yin Yang 1.