Table 1.
Effect Sizes by Programmatic Moderators for (A) Control-Group and (B) 1-Group/Pre-Post Studies.
| Communication Skills | Relationship Quality/Satisfaction | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Programmatic Moderator | k | d | C.I. low | C.I. high | z | k | d | C.I. low | C.I. high | z |
|
A. Control-group Studies
| ||||||||||
| Dosage: | (Q = 8.99*) | (Q = 8.20*) | ||||||||
| Low (1–8 hrs.) | 21 | 0.100 | −0.069 | 0.268 | 1.16 ns | 35 | 0.099 | −0.034 | 0.223 | 1.46 ns |
| Moderate (9–20 hrs.) | 70 | 0.405 | .280 | 0.530 | 6.33*** | 64 | 0.380 | 0.229 | 0.532 | 4.92*** |
| High (21+ hrs.) | 7 | 0.012 | −0.574 | 0.599 | 0.041 ns | 10 | 0.088 | −0.241 | 0.417 | 0.53 ns |
| Primary Content Emphasis: | (Q = 7.19*) | (Q = 2.09ns) | ||||||||
| Communication Skills | 75 | 0.397 | 0.264 | 0.531 | 5.84 ** | 69 | 0.297 | 0.146 | 0.448 | 3.86*** |
| Expectations/Knowledge | 17 | 0.105 | −0.062 | 0.272 | 1.24 ns | 24 | 0.139 | −0.039 | 0.316 | 1.53 ns |
| Virtues/Motivations | 5 | 0.285 | −0.066 | 0.635 | 1.59 ns | 12 | 0.162 | −0.047 | 0.371 | 1.52 ns |
| Institutionalization: | (Q =1.12ns) | (Q = 0.22ns) | ||||||||
| Yes | 53 | 0.382 | 0.246 | 0.517 | 5.52*** | 56 | 0.229 | 0.084 | 0.374 | 3.10** |
| No | 45 | 0.266 | 0.101 | 0.431 | 3.16 ** | 55 | 0.279 | 0.133 | 0.426 | 3.73*** |
| Setting: | (Q = 6.75**) | (Q = 0.31ns) | ||||||||
| University/Laboratory | 59 | 0.461 | 0.302 | 0.621 | 5.66*** | 58 | 0.266 | 0.125 | 0.406 | 3.70*** |
| Religious | 20 | 0.108 | −0.105 | 0.321 | 0.99 ns | 28 | 0.190 | −0.038 | 0.417 | 1.64 ns |
| Communication Skills | Relationship Quality/Satisfaction | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Programmatic Moderator | k | d | C.I. low | C.I. high | z | k | d | C.I. low | C.I. high | z |
|
B. 1-group/Pre-Post Studies
| ||||||||||
| Dosage: | (Q = 11.2**) | (Q = 24.1***) | ||||||||
| Low (1–8 hrs.) | 8 | 0.279 | 0.129 | 0.429 | 3.64*** | 11 | 0.219 | 0.186 | 0.251 | 13.20*** |
| Moderate (9–20 hrs.) | 41 | 0.567 | 0.422 | 0.713 | 7.64*** | 35 | 0.433 | 0.298 | 0.569 | 6.26*** |
| High (21+ hrs.) | 20 | 0.891 | 0.446 | 1.337 | 3.92*** | 11 | 1.249 | 0.734 | 1.765 | 4.75*** |
| Primary Content Emphasis: | (Q = 15.00***) | (Q = 2.92 ns) | ||||||||
| Communication Skills | 54 | 0.607 | 0.500 | 0.714 | 11.15*** | 34 | 0.487 | 0.361 | 0.612 | 7.60*** |
| Expectations/Knowledge | 8 | 0.212 | 0.033 | 0.392 | 2.32 * | 16 | 0.325 | 0.154 | 0.496 | 3.72*** |
| Virtues/Motivations | 2 | 2.620 | −1.007 | 6.247 | 1.42 ns | 4 | 1.481 | −0.996 | 3.958 | 1.17 ns |
| Institutionalization: | (Q = 0.14 ns) | (Q = 3.54 ns) | ||||||||
| Yes | 38 | 0.640 | 0.500 | 0.779 | 8.95*** | 25 | 0.376 | 0.255 | 0.497 | 6.10*** |
| No | 31 | 0.576 | 0.281 | 0.872 | 3.82*** | 32 | 0.631 | 0.395 | 0.868 | 5.23*** |
| Setting: | (Q = 1.65 ns) | (Q = 1.12 ns) | ||||||||
| University/Laboratory | 40 | 0.554 | 0.401 | 0.707 | 7.09*** | 23 | 0.421 | 0.246 | 0.595 | 4.71*** |
| Religious | 13 | 1.061 | 0.302 | 1.819 | 2.74 ** | 15 | 0.706 | 0.206 | 1.205 | 2.77 ** |
k = number studies; d = effect size; C.I. = confidence interval for d; z = significance test for d; Q = test of group differences; ns = p ≥.05
*
= p < .05
**
= p < .01
***
= p < .001.