Figure 1.

Illustration of the expanded neural model of decision-making under uncertainty. Processing of primary inducers, mediated by the amygdala, triggers the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) system, which, in turn, conducts a more deliberative analysis of uncertainty. However, decisions involving potential losses may trigger redundant neural responding from structures such as the insula (anterior, posterior, or both) and the adjacent primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (SI and SII), which are independent of the amygdala; these backup processes are represented here by dotted lines.