Table 2.

Water contact angles on PVC and NanoR PVC surfaces before and after soaking into two different concentrations (10 mM and 100 mM) of a fructose solution

	Contact angle with H2O
PVC	88.62° ± 1.12
PVC soaked in 10 mM fructose	72.98° ± 0.45*
PVC soaked in 100 mM fructose	69.02° ± 1.43*
NanoR	70.36° ± 1.18*
NanoR soaked in 10 mM fructose	68.10° ± 3.19*
NanoR soaked in 100 mM fructose	64.18° ± 3.46*

Notes: Values are mean ± SEM, n = 5.

^*P < 0.01 compared to the control PVC ETT surface.

Abbreviations: ETT, endotracheal tube; NanoR, nanorough; PVC, polyvinyl chloride; SEM, standard error of the mean.