Table 5.
Nosocomial opportunistic pathogens detectable with e-nose instruments as disease-causing agents of both plants and humans in the hospital environment.
| Pathogenic microbe | Plant diseases | Human diseases | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial pathogens | |||
| Burkholderia cenocepacia | Banana finger-tip rot | Increases mortality in cystic fibrosis patients | [324–326] |
| Burkholderia cepacia | Onion soft rot (sour skin) | Pulmonary infections particularly in cystic fibrosis patients, pneumonia, septicemia | [325,327,328] |
| Burkholderia dolosa | Opportunist plant pathogen | Increases mortality in cystic fibrosis patients | [325,326] |
| Pantoea agglomerans | Epidermal surfaces of thorny plants | Soft tissue and bone/joint infections | [329–332] |
| Ralstonia syzygii | Clove tree, banana | Blood-borne diseases | [333,334] |
| Ralstonia taiwanensis | Root nodules of Mimosa spp. | Opportunistic infections of cystic fibrosis patients | [335] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Many plants spp. | Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, bone & joint infections, bacteremia | [336,337] |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | Plant endophyte | pneumonia, urinary tract and blood stream infections | [338,339] |
| Fungal pathogens | |||
| Acremonium falciforme | Saprophyte on plant debris | Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycetomas | [340,341] |
| Aspergillus flavus | Rots maize, peanuts | chronic sinusitis, keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, wound infections, osteomyelitis, aflatoxin toxicosis | [342] |
| Aspergillus nidulans | Bean, pea, and cucumber leaf spots, orange rot | Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycetomas | [343,344] |
| Cercospora apii | Celery, beet, tomato, lettuce, tobacco, potato leaf spots | Dermatophytic skin lesions and deformities | [345,346] |
| Cladophyalophora carrionii | Plant leaf spots | Chromomycosis skin infections | [347–350] |
| Coccidioides immitis | Respiratory tract, skin, bones, central nervous system infections | [351] | |
| Fonsecaea pedrosoi | Chromomycosis skin infections | [347,352] | |
| Fusarium graminearum | Wheat, barley, rice, head blight | Alimentary toxic aleukia, weight loss, convulsions, anorexia, impaired immunity | [353–355] |
| Fusarium moniliforme | Vegetable seed rot | Fusarium sepsis | [356,357] |
| Fusarium oxysporum | Vascular wilt of many plant spp. | Nondermatophytic onychomycosis, fusariotoxicosis, keratitis | [358,359] |
| Fusarium solani, roseum | Vascular wilt of solanaceous plants | Skin lesions, encephalopathy, panophthalmitis, keratitis | [360,361] |
| Geotrichum candidum | Fruit & vegetable saprophyte | Oral, vaginal, skin, & systemic infections | [362–364] |
| Geotrichum capitatum | Surfaces of plant foods (ingested) | Septicemia, meningitis, discitis, encephalitis, endocarditis, vertebral osteomyelitis, respiratory tract & gastrointestinal infections | [365] |
| Phialophora verrucosa | Wood and woody plant surfaces | Chromomycosis, cutaneous and subcutaneous infections | [347,366,367] |
| Pseudallescheria boydii | Saprophyte of vegetable oils and tissues | Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycetomas, systemic infections | [368–371] |