Table 6.

Biomedical applications developed using commercial and experimental electronic noses.

E-nose model	Manufacturer	Sensors†	Biomedical application	References
Bloodhound BH-114	Sensors Ltd.	14 CP	Detect bacteria and heavy metals in potable water	[172,418]
			Early detection of TB	[321,196]
			Detect spoilage bacteria and fungi in food	[419–422]
			Anaerobic bacteria	[296]
			Helicobacter pylori, gastroesophageal bacteria	[244]
			Urinary tract infections	[245]
			Early disease diagnosis, distinguish dermatophytes	[423]
Cyranose C320	Cyrano Sciences	32 CP	Bacterial & SA infections	[123,176]
			Pneumonia score prediction	[231]
			Upper respiratory tract infections	[232]
			Lung cancer detection	[234]
			Ear, nose, throat infections	[233]
			Bacteria identifications in blood and urine samples	[424]
DE 101	Experimental model	3 MOS	Detect renal dysfunction	[191]
EOS 835	Sacmi Imola	6 MOS	Toxigenic Fusarium in corn	[160]
FF-1	Experimental model	6 MOS	Oral malodor assessment	[425]
Fox 2000	Alpha MOS	6 MOS	Culture growth phases	[124]
			Diagnose diseases	[103]
Fox 4000	Alpha MOS	18 MOS	Flavor analysis to develop new drug formulations	[136]
JPL ENose	NASA	16 CP	Brain cancer detection	[193]
KAMINA	Karlsruhe Res. Cntr.	38 MOS	Ammonia and chloroform hazard-detection	[426]
MonoNoses	C-it	1 MOS	Identify bacterial pathogens	[177]
Moses II	Lenmartz Electronics	8 MOS, 8 QMB, 4 AGS	Discriminate coliform bacteria	[218]
PEN 2	Airsense Analytical	10 MOS	Clinical diagnoses, Identify bacteria	[427]
			Aflatoxin detection in corn	[162,216]
ZNose	Electronic Sensor Technology	1 SAW	Identify bacteria & yeasts	[428]

^†Sensor type abbreviations: Amperometric Gas Sensors (AGS); Conducting Polymers (CP); Metal-Oxide Semiconductors (MOS); Quartz Microbalance (QMB); Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW). The numerical values before each sensor type indicate the number of each sensor type present within the instrument sensor array.