Table 3.
Structural description of selected WSN-based ITS applications.
| System | Architecture | Sensing Topology | Sensing Technology | WSN Comm. Protocols (MAC, routing) | Gateway Vehicle/Road | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iRoad [11] | Heterogeneous, clustered | String | AMR, accelerom. | SMAC, linear forwarding | None | WSN, 3G |
| Work by Qin et al. [12] | Heterogeneous, clustered | String | PIR (WiEye) | TDMA-based, linear forwarding | 802.15.4 | WSN (to CH), VANET |
| SNMS [38] | Heterogeneous | Disconnected nodes | – | – | Bluetooth | VANET/mobile WLAN |
| Work by Weingärtner et al. [14] | Heterogeneous, clustered | String | road condition sensors & Active vehicle detection | 802.15.4 | 802.15.4, dynamic assignment of GW/CH | Short range: WSN Long range: VANET |
| Work by Tripp et al. [33] | Heterogeneous | Barrier | Vehicular sensors | – | 802.11b | VANET |
| SNTISS [34] | Clustered | Application dependent: (a) Star (b) Mesh |
multi-sensor | Intra-cluster: 916 MHz CH to Server: 802.15.4 |
None | WSN |
| Work by Sung et al. [37] | Clustered | Star/Barrier (x2) according to number of lanes | AMR (HMC1021) | Unspecified MAC, routing to BS: tree-based routing from BS: source routing | None | WSN |
| DGS [15] | Heterogeneous, clustered | Star | AMR, Weather Station | 802.15.4, dynamic addressing/routing | None | Cellular network |
| S3 [16] | Hierarchical | Star | AMR | 802.15.4, multi-level (tree) routing based on static addressing | None | Internet (form WSN to Server) |
| Work by Festag et al. [40] | Heterogeneous, clustered | Any (unspecified) | Environmental sensors (temp, humidity, light) | B-MAC, tinyLUNAR | B-MAC (proposed 802.11p alternative) | VANET |
| Work by Yousef et al. [21] | Hierarchical | Barrier (x2) | COTS (unespecified) | TDMA-based, Point-to-Point | None | None |
| WITS [35] | Hierarchical | String | Vehicular, Active detection | 802.15.4, linear forwarding with data fusion | 802.15.4 | WSN |
| Work by Tubaishat et al. [20] | Hierarchical | Barrier (x2) | AMR (HMC1051Z) | PEDAMACS | None | WSN |
| System | Architecture | Sensing Topology | Sensing Technology | WSN Comm. protocols (MAC, routing) | Gateway vehicle/Road | Distribution |
| SPARK [29] | Flat | Star | Light (included in MTS310 sensorboard) | unspecified MAC, Point-to-Point | None | WiFi/BT/Ethernet (DMS to other subsystems) |
| Work by Benson et al. [28] | Flat | Mesh | Magnetic (Speake FGM-3) | Framelets, selective flooding | None | WSN |
| PGS [30] | Clustered | Star | AMR | 802.15.4, tree-based routing | None | WSN |
| Work by Tacconi et al. [31] | Hierarchical | Mesh with designated roadside GWs | Unspecified (simulation) | A-MAC, geographic routing (to estimated interception GW) | A-MAC | WSN |