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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Health Place. 2011 Sep 28;18(2):218–228. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.005

Table 3.

Regression of Spatial Access to Syringe Exchange Programs (SEPs) and of Drug-Related Arrest Rates per 1000 Residents on Select Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users (N=4067) in New York City's 42 Health Districts Over Time (1995-2006)

Injecting with an Unsterile Syringe Distributive Syringe Sharing
GCM AOR p-value Full explanatory model p-value GCM AOR p-value Full explanatory model p-value
Intercept5 1.08 0.74 1.37 0.36 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Intercept6 2.49 0.003 3.17 0.002 2.30 0.02 2.53 0.02
Age (ref: >40) 0.92
<30 years 1.18 0.17 1.20 0.12 1.47 0.009 1.49 0.007
31-40 years 1.10 0.30 1.10 0.28 1.16 0.18 1.16 0.18
Gender (ref: men) 0.79 0.005 0.79 0.006 1.23 0.04 1.25 0.02
Race/ethnicity (ref: Latino)
Black 0.96 0.66 0.96 0.68 0.88 0.25 0.88 0.26
White 1.32 0.002 1.29 0.004 1.45 0.0002 1.36 0.002
Homeless 1.26 0.002 1.25 0.002 1.49 <0.0001 1.48 <0.0001
Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual 1.14 0.23 1.16 0.18 1.41 0.008 1.37 0.01
HIV-positive (self-report) 0.96 0.67 0.96 0.69 0.68 0.008 0.67 0.005
Inject ≥4 times daily 1.76 <0.0001 1.76 <0.0001 1.63 <0.0001 1.64 <0.0001
Married 0.79 0.005 0.79 0.005 1.12 0.27 1.09 0.38
Education (ref: <high-school grad)
High-school graduate 0.91 0.22 0.91 0.24 0.91 0.32 0.90 0.25
More than high-school graduate 0.74 0.0005 0.73 0.0004 0.92 0.41 0.92 0.42
Deviation from mean years of injecting for district and year 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.79 1.00 0.37 1.00 0.34
Mean years since first injection for that district and year 0.99 0.18 0.99 0.17 0.98 0.08 0.98 0.13
Time 1.10 0.0003 1.13 <0.0001 0.92 <0.0001 0.93 0.003
Years since OTC pharmacy sales permitted 1.16 0.29 2.71 <0.0001 N/A N/A
Time * Years since OTC pharmacy sales permitted 0.96 0.003 0.90 <0.0001 N/A N/A
Difference of 10 drug-related arrests per 1000 residents in 1995 1.13 0.09 1.02 0.59
Spatial access to SEPs in 1995 (natural log) 0.93 0.05 0.95 0.09
Interaction of a ten-unit change in drug-related arrests per 1000 in 1995 with the log of spatial access to SEPs in 1995 0.96 0.07 N/A N/A
10-unit change in drug-related arrests per 1000 since 1995 0.99 0.88 1.04 0.52
Changes in the log of spatial access to SEPs since 1995 0.94 0.29 0.93 0.15
Poverty area 0.95 0.59 0.82 0.05
Spatial access to an OTC pharmacy (logged) 0.82 <0.0001 0.98 0.51
5

When receptive syringe sharing is the outcome, this is the intercept when the outcome is injecting with a sterile syringe in ≤25% of the time.

6

When receptive syringe sharing is the outcome, this is the intercept when the outcome is injecting with a sterile syringe 26%-74% of the time.