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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin J Pain. 2012 Mar;28(3):195–203. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318226c411

Table 2.

Univariate analyses of potential predictor variables according to back pain improvement status

Improved (N=235) Not improved (N=157) p-value
Demographic/Social factors
Age (years) 66.4 (7.1) 67.4 (8.4) .172
Sex (N, % female) 198 (84.3%) 133 (84.7%) .838
Live alone? (N, %yes) 33 (14.0%) 33 (21.0%) .047
Education (N, % ≥ high school diploma) 47 (20%) 37 (23.6%) .393
Currently working? (N, %yes) 15 (6.4%) 17 (10.8%) .070
Health Status Factors
High Depressive Symptoms (N, % GDS>5) 42 (17.9%) 57 (36.3%) .000
SPPB score >8 (N, %yes) 196 (83.4%) 111 (70.7%) .002
Poor Self-Rated Health (N, %yes) 9 (3.9%) 31 (20%) .000
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 26.4 (4.0) 26.5 (3.7) .707
Back Pain Factors
Numeric Pain Rating Scale 4.5 (2.5) 5.2 (2.7) .006
Roland Morris Scale 7.9 (4.9) 9.6 (4.7) .001
Duration of symptoms (N, %>10 years) 140 (59.6%) 88 (56.1%) .468
Accessibility/Attendance Factors*
Distance to gym (km) 2.2 (2.58) 2.6 (2.5) .225
Able to go independently? (N, %yes) 215 (91.4%) 138 (87.9%) .275
Adherent to APA program? (N, %yes) 191 (81.2%) 35 (22.2%) .000
APA Satisfaction Factors*
Trainer (N, %very satisfied) 135 (57.4%) 70 (44.5%) .013
Facilities (N, %very satisfied) 49 (20.8%) 28 (17.8%) .429
Hours of operation (N, %very satisfied) 67 (28.5%) 29 (18.5%) .020

All values reported are means (standard deviation) unless otherwise noted.

GDS=Geriatric Depression Scale; SPPB= Short Physical Performance Battery

*

These factors are from the follow-up telephone interview, but all other factors are from the baseline assessment.