Learned helplessness paradigm—chronic treatment. Male 129S1/SVImJ mice underwent the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm. Mice that developed helplessness were then chronically infused with saline, BI-2A7, citalopram, BI-11A7, or LL44795. Significant effects were noted in escape latencies between treatment groups (BI-2A7, citalopram, BI-11A7) and saline (asterisks alone), as well as treatment groups vs the control compound LL44795 (bars with asterisks). Data are mean±s.e.m. ***P < 0.0001.