Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
Sleep latency
Systematic review	Number of people in analysis not reported. Participants aged at least 55 years 7 RCTs in this analysis	Mean time to fall asleep with CBT with no treatment Absolute numbers not reported	Mean effect size –0.51 95% CI –0.77 to –0.25 P <0.001	Effect size not calculated	CBT
RCT	47 hypnotic-dependent people with chronic insomnia aged 50 to 85 years, mean age 64 years Subgroup analysis	Change from baseline in sleep onset latency 8 weeks From 44.61 minutes to 19.85 minutes with CBT From 41.42 minutes to 30.50 minutes with control (sham biofeedback)	P <0.05	Effect size not calculated	CBT
RCT	35 people aged >60 years with DSM-IV criteria for primary insomnia	Change in self-reported mean time to fall asleep 4 weeks From 38.32 minutes to 16.80 minutes with brief behavioural treatment for insomnia (BBTI) From 29.67 minutes to 26.85 minutes with information-only control	P <0.05	Effect size not calculated	BBTI
Sleep efficiency
Systematic review	Number of people in analysis not reported. Participants aged at least 55 years 6 RCTs in this analysis	Ratio of time asleep to time in bed with CBT with no treatment Absolute numbers not reported	Mean effect size 0.38 95% CI 0.12 to 0.65 P <0.005	Effect size not calculated	CBT
RCT	47 hypnotic-dependent people with chronic insomnia aged 50 to 85 years, mean age 64 years Subgroup analysis	Change from baseline in sleep efficiency 8 weeks From 72.87% to 86.80% with CBT From 72.36% to 79.32% with control (sham biofeedback)	P <0.05	Effect size not calculated	CBT
Wake after sleep onset (WASO)
Systematic review	Number of people in analysis not reported. Participants aged at least 55 years 7 RCTs in this analysis	WASO with CBT with no treatment Absolute numbers not reported	Mean effect size –0.73 95% CI –0.99 to –0.48 P <0.001	Effect size not calculated	CBT
RCT	47 hypnotic-dependent people with chronic insomnia aged 50 to 85 years, mean age 64 years Subgroup analysis	Change from baseline in WASO 8 weeks From 71.55 minutes to 26.92 minutes with CBT From 58.07 minutes to 37.56 minutes with control (sham biofeedback)	P <0.05	Effect size not calculated	CBT
RCT	35 people aged >60 years with DSM-IV criteria for primary insomnia	Change in self-reported WASO 4 weeks From 61.21 minutes to 27.72 minutes with brief behavioural treatment for insomnia (BBTI) From 47.91 minutes to 35.5 minutes with information-only control	P <0.05	Effect size not calculated	BBTI