Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
Pain
Systematic review	137 women Data from 1 RCT	Pain (as measured by mean change in 100 mm visual analogue scale [VAS] pain score) after 1 menstrual cycle 10.09 with high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) manipulation 8.01 with placebo manipulation	WMD +2.08 95% CI –3.20 to +7.36		Not significant
Systematic review	44 women Data from 1 RCT	Pain intensity, as measured by a 10 cm VAS pain score after 1 treatment and 1 menstrual cycle 3.78 with HVLA manipulation 5.19 with placebo manipulation	WMD –1.41 95% CI –2.55 to –0.27	Effect size not calculated	HVLA manipulation
Systematic review	26 women Data from 1 RCT	Pain intensity, assessed on a 10 cm VAS scale at 3 months 5.6 with Toftness manipulation for 3 months 3.4 with placebo manipulation for 3 months	WMD 2.20 95% CI 1.38 to 3.02	Effect size not calculated	placebo manipulation
Systematic review	26 women Data from 1 RCT	Pain intensity, assessed on a 10 cm VAS scale at 6 months 1.7 with Toftness manipulation for 3 months 3.1 with placebo manipulation for 3 months	WMD –1.40 95% CI –2.21 to –0.59	Effect size not calculated	Toftness manipulation