Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
Crying
[6] RCT 3-armed trial	28 preterm infants undergoing venepuncture In review [5]	Mean duration of first cry 19 seconds with 24% sucrose 73 seconds with water	P <0.05	Effect size not calculated	24% sucrose
[6] RCT 3-armed trial	28 preterm infants undergoing venepuncture In review [5]	Mean duration of first cry 63 seconds with 12% sucrose 73 seconds with water	Reported as not significant P value not reported		Not significant
[7] RCT	39 preterm neonates undergoing venepuncture In review [5]	Mean duration or first cry 19 seconds with 25% sucrose 52 seconds with water	Mean difference: 34 seconds 95% CI 16 seconds to 51 seconds P <0.001	Effect size not calculated	25% sucrose
[7] RCT	39 preterm neonates undergoing venepuncture In review [5]	Mean total duration of crying 32 seconds with 25% sucrose 73 seconds with water	Mean difference: 41 seconds 95% CI 19 seconds to 62 seconds P = 0.001	Effect size not calculated	25% sucrose
Composite scales: Douleur Aiguë du Nouveau-né [DAN]
[8] RCT 6-armed trial	150 term newborn infants undergoing venepuncture In review [5]	Median DAN scores 5 with 30% sucrose 7 with water	Median difference: 2 95% CI 0 to 4 P = 0.01	Effect size not calculated	30% sucrose