Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
Symptoms
[89] RCT 3-armed trial	5887 smokers, aged 35 to 60 years, with spirometric signs of early COPD; mean pre-bronchodilator FEV1 2640 mL, mean of 30 cigarettes smoked/day In review [83]	Proportion of people with cough for at least 3 months/year 5 years 15% with smoking cessation intervention with or without ipratropium 23% with usual care Absolute numbers not reported	P <0.0001 Combined analysis of smoking cessation programme with and without ipratropium (by intention-to-treat [ITT] analysis) v usual care	Effect size not calculated	smoking cessation intervention with or without ipratropium
[89] RCT 3-armed trial	5887 smokers, aged 35 to 60 years, with spirometric signs of early COPD; mean pre-bronchodilator FEV1 2640 mL, mean of 30 cigarettes smoked/day In review [83]	Proportion of people with phlegm for at least 3 months/year 5 years 12% with smoking cessation intervention with or without ipratropium 20% with usual care Absolute numbers not reported	P <0.0001 Combined analysis of smoking cessation programme with and without ipratropium (by ITT analysis) v usual care	Effect size not calculated	smoking cessation intervention with or without ipratropium
[89] RCT 3-armed trial	5887 smokers, aged 35 to 60 years, with spirometric signs of early COPD; mean pre-bronchodilator FEV1 2640 mL, mean of 30 cigarettes smoked/day In review [83]	Proportion of people with wheezing 5 years 25% with smoking cessation intervention with or without ipratropium 31% with usual care Absolute numbers not reported	P <0.0001 Combined analysis of smoking cessation programme with and without ipratropium (by ITT analysis) v usual care	Effect size not calculated	smoking cessation intervention with or without ipratropium
[89] RCT 3-armed trial	5887 smokers, aged 35 to 60 years, with spirometric signs of early COPD; mean pre-bronchodilator FEV1 2640 mL, mean of 30 cigarettes smoked/day In review [83]	Proportion of people with dyspnoea 5 years 19% with smoking cessation intervention with or without ipratropium 24% with usual care Absolute numbers not reported	P <0.0001	Effect size not calculated	smoking cessation intervention with or without ipratropium