Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
Lung function
[22] Systematic review	4214 people with COPD 8 RCTs in this analysis	Mean change in trough FEV1 from baseline 6 weeks to 12 months with tiotropium with placebo Absolute numbers not reported	WMD 0.12 L 95% CI 0.11 L to 0.13 L P = 0.0001	Effect size not calculated	tiotropium
[22] Systematic review	2375 people with COPD 7 RCTs in this analysis	Mean change in trough FVC from baseline 6 weeks to 12 months with tiotropium with placebo Absolute numbers not reported	WMD 0.28 L 95% CI 0.25 L to 0.31 L P = 0.0001	Effect size not calculated	tiotropium
[24] RCT	555 people aged at least 40 years with COPD	Change in pre-dose FEV1 9 months with tiotropium 18 micrograms once daily with placebo Absolute results reported graphically	P = 0.0001	Effect size not calculated	tiotropium
[24] RCT	555 people aged at least 40 years with COPD	Change in pre-dose FVC 9 months with tiotropium 18 micrograms once daily with placebo Absolute results reported graphically	P <0.003	Effect size not calculated	tiotropium
[24] RCT	555 people aged at least 40 years with COPD	Change in pre-dose inspiratory capacity (IC) 9 months with tiotropium 18 micrograms once daily with placebo Absolute results reported graphically	P = 0.005	Effect size not calculated	tiotropium