Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
Withdrawal for any cause
[40] Systematic review	14,594 people 9 RCTs in this analysis	Proportion of people withdrawing from RCT for any cause 1195/7458 (16%) with beta-blockers 1287/7136 (18%) with placebo	RR 0.89 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98	Small effect size	beta-blockers
Cardiac adverse effects
[41] RCT	2128 older people with heart failure, mean age 76 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 36%, 35% of people had LVEF <35% In review [39]	Proportion of people experiencing aggravated cardiac failure 256/1067 (24%) with nebivolol 265/1061 (25%) with placebo	Significance not assessed
[40] Systematic review	4439 people 4 RCTs in this analysis	Proportion of people with worsening heart failure 625/2379 (26%) with beta-blockers 691/2060 (34%) with placebo	RR 0.83 95% CI 0.71 to 0.98	Small effect size	beta-blockers
[40] Systematic review	13,796 people 7 RCTs in this analysis	Proportion of people with bradycardia 400/7057 (6%) with beta-blockers 118/6739 (2%) with placebo	RR 3.62 95% CI 2.48 to 5.28	Moderate effect size	placebo
Dizziness
[40] Systematic review	10,082 people 4 RCTs in this analysis	Proportion of people with dizziness 1117/5196 (22%) with beta-blockers 810/4886 (17%) with placebo	RR 1.37 95% CI 1.09 to 1.71	Small effect size	placebo
Hypotension
[40] Systematic review	13,796 people 7 RCTs in this analysis	Proportion of people with hypotension 535/7057 (8%) with beta-blockers 409/6739 (6%) with placebo	RR 1.41 95% CI 0.96 to 2.06		Not significant
Fatigue
[40] Systematic review	7793 people 3 RCTs in this analysis	Proportion of people with fatigue 953/4040 (24%) with beta-blockers 840/3753 (22%) with placebo	RR 1.04 95% CI 0.97 to 1.11		Not significant