Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
All-cause mortality
[42] Systematic review	635 people with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class IV heart failure, on ACE inhibitor and diuretic with or without digitalis 4 RCTs in this analysis	Rate of mortality 56/313 (18%) with beta-blockers 81/322 (25%) with placebo	RR 0.71 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96	Small effect size	beta-blockers
[43] Systematic review	12,728 people with chronic heart failure (people with NYHA functional class III or IV heart failure) 6 RCTs in this analysis Subgroup analysis	Rate of mortality 867/6496 (13%) with beta-blockers 1120/6232 (18%) with placebo	RR 0.76 95% CI 0.71 to 0.83	Small effect size	beta-blockers
[43] Systematic review	642 people with chronic heart failure (people with NYHA functional class III or IV heart failure) 6 RCTs in this analysis Subgroup analysis	Rate of mortality 50/347 (14%) with beta-blockers 62/295 (21%) with placebo	RR 0.73 95% CI 0.53 to 1.02		Not significant