A multichip model of orientation hypercolumns. Four Gabor chips (top), each with a 64 × 128 array of silicon neurons, receive spikes from a silicon retina, encoded as addresses that are decoded to retinotopic locations, in which postsynaptic potentials are elicited such that alternating stripes of On and Off ganglion cells drive each neuron. Receptive fields of neurons at the center of each array are shown on the bottom (black, on; white, off). Other neurons are tuned to the same orientation but to different visual locations. For details, see Choi et al. (2005).