Table 3. Exponential random graph coefficients of an elephant association network showing that the elephant network had a sparse density of associations, a strong clustering, a strong association by raiding status and a weak association by age (n = 58 elephants).

Independent variables	Estimated value	Standard error	t-ratio	Probability value
Density of associations	−5.297	1.343	0.025	0.000
Transitivity (AT-T) 1	0.606	0.105	0.068	0.000
Reciprocal associations	4.781	0.564	−0.029	0.000
AinAoutS (Alt-in-alt-out-star)	6.357	1.322	−0.049	0.000
1inAoutS (1-in-alt-out-star)	1.745	0.681	0.034	0.011
Ain1outS (Alt-in-1-out-Star)	−5.243	0.722	−0.044	0.000
Source node	1.678	1.037	0.076	0.106
AinS (Alt-in-Star)	0.241	0.971	0.054	0.804
Association by raiding status	0.672	0.319	0.019	0.035
Association by age 2	−0.027	0.010	−0.024	0.007
Reciprocity of associations based on raiding status	−0.251	0.670	−0.022	0.708

¹Transitivity parameter indicates clustering and a schematic representation of this and other parameters in this table are shown in Figure S1.

²Data on age differences between dyads was used to test whether associations in the network are based on age proximity in this analysis.