Table 2.

Estimates and Standard Errors From Linear Mixed Effects Models of Reading Time

		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
		Est	SE	Est	SE	Est	SE	Est	SE	Est	SE
	Intercept	6.493***	.039	6.764***	.066	6.691***	.317	6.736***	.317	7.142***	.432
Fixed Item Effects
	Syll	.049***	.01	.068***	.011	.066***	.012	.062***	.015	.117***	.033
	logWF	−.051***	.001	−.058***	.007	−.057***	.007	−.054***	.009	−.047**	.019
	NC	.058***	.017	.084***	.020	.086***	.020	.071*	.028	.123*	.061
	IntSB	.040**	.015	.064***	.019	.066***	.019	.016	.029	−.079	.064
	SB	.479***	.028	.458***	.039	.454***	.033	.258***	.047	−.271***	.099
Fixed Subject Effects
	ART	—	—	−.026***	.005	−.019**	.007	−.019**	.007	−.055*	.028
	Age	—	—	—	—	.001	.004	.001	.004	.001	.004
	Vocab	—	—	—	—	−.046	.038	−.047	.037	−.046	.037
	vWM	—	—	—	—	−.028	.029	−.038	.030	−.134	.077
	vWM×ART	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	.009	.006
Two-Way Cross-Level Interactions
	ART×Syll	—	—	−.002***	.001	−.002***	.001	−.002**	.001	−.007*	.003
	ART×logWF	—	—	.001*	.000	.001	.000	.001	.000	.000	.002
	ART×NC	—	—	−.002**	.001	−.002**	.001	−.003**	.001	−.008	.005
	ART×IntSB	—	—	.002*	.001	.002*	.001	.003*	.001	.003	.005
	ART×SB	—	—	.003	.002	.002	.002	.000	.002	.050***	.008
	vWM×Syll	—	—	—	—	—	—	.001	.003	−.012	.008
	vWM×logWF	—	—	—	—	—	—	−.001	.002	−.002	.004
	vWM×NC	—	—	—	—	—	—	.004	.006	−.009	.014
	vWM×IntSB	—	—	—	—	—	—	.023***	.006	.038*	.015
	vWM×SB	—	—	—	—	—	—	.055***	.009	.185***	.023
Three-Way Cross-Level Interactions
	ART×vWM×Syll	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	.001	.001
	ART×vWM×logWF	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	.000	.000
	ART×vWM×NC	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	.001	.001
	ART×vWM×IntSB	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	−.001	.001
	ART×vWM×SB	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	−.012***	.002
Random Effects
τ2		.122***	.015	.091***	.011	.089***	.011	.089***	.011	.087***	.011
Ψ2		.014***	.001	.014***	.001	.014***	.001	.014***	.001	.014***	.001
σ2		.167***	.001	.169***	.001	.168***	.001	.165***	.001	.169***	.001
Model Fit (−2 Log Likelihood)		64428.51		63063.12		57969.68		57851.11		57795.82