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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2011 Nov 7;19(1-2):319–337. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2011.619645

Table 2.

Mean Free Recall and Recognition as a Function of Age Group, Stimulus Format, and Acquisition Task

Free Recall Stimulus format
Words Pictures
 Age group M SD M SD
  Middle-age adults
   Control task 0.51 0.18 0.63 0.14
   Semantic orienting task 0.55 0.24 0.71 0.20
  Older adults
   Control task 0.47 0.23 0.53 0.12
   Semantic orienting task 0.47 0.20 0.63 0.13
  Oldest-old adults
    Control task 0.26 0.15 0.34 0.11
    Semantic orienting task 0.29 0.24 0.49 0.25
Recognition Words Pictures
 Age group M SD M SD
  Middle-age adults
   Control task 0.87 0.16 0.98 0.04
   Semantic orienting task 0.81 0.18 0.97 0.08
  Older adults
   Control task 0.82 0.18 0.98 0.06
   Semantic orienting task 0.78 0.16 0.95 0.08
  Oldest-old adults
   Control task 0.78 0.22 0.94 0.10
   Semantic orienting task 0.74 0.19 0.94 0.06

Notes. Free recall scores reflect mean proportion correct. Recognition scores reflect corrected recognition (hits minus false alarms).