Figure 7 .

Model for glyoxal resistance. We highlight four main pathways necessary for glyoxal resistance. The HOG pathway positively regulates the expression of GLO1 and negatively regulates FPS1 in conferring glyoxal resistance. We hypothesize that the HOG pathway targets Fps1 for degradation, thereby reducing glyoxal import. Moreover, we hypothesize that transport of Fps1 to the cell surface is mediated by Erv14 and associated proteins. We also identified two other mechanisms by which glyoxal resistance is managed: 1) downregulation of the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway and 2) glyoxal metabolism.