| 1. Known single-gene or mitochondrial disorders recognized by a distinctive phenotype; e.g., cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), homocystinuria, Fabry disease, or sickle cell anemia |
| 2. Mechanical aortic or mitral valve at the time of index stroke |
| 3. Untreated or actively treated bacterial endocarditis at the time of the index stroke |
| 4. Neurosyphilis or other CNS infections |
| 5. Neurosarcoidosis |
| 6. Severe sepsis with hypotension at the time of the index stroke |
| 7. Cerebral vasculitis by angiogram and clinical criteria |
| 8. Post-radiation arteriopathy |
| 9. Left atrial myxoma |
| 10. Major congenital heart disease |
| 11. Cocaine use in the 48 hr prior to the index stroke |
